Use of Right form of Verbs – The course is designed to develop communication skills in English and computer and information technology (ICT) of the learners. Communicative English includes the basic grammatical structures of English and basic semantics, basic reading and listening techniques for constructing informal writings; reading selected English literature; listening to selected English media; use of expressions for easy communication in daily life such as exchanging information, greeting, shopping, application, past, present & future activities, liking & disliking etc; giving English oral presentations; and writing formal letters and essays.
Study and practice in reading and writing on related topics from nursing textbooks/journals/magazines & note taking, referencing; improvement of reading and writing abilities with emphasis on review of vocabularies, sentence structure, organization, development of oral presentation; developing writing skills Business letters, application & CV; report writing, editing, proof reading, translation and professional writings-meeting minutes; improvement of speaking and listening abilities with establishing communication and making arguments.
Computer and information technology is designed for understanding of using computer and information technology; it applications in nursing field; application programs for Microsoft Word processing, Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations, Networking and Communication through internet and World Wide Web applications.
Use of Right form of Verbs
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। বাক্যে verb- কে সঠিক রূপে ব্যবহার করতে না পারলে বাক্য ভুল হয়ে যায়, তাই শিক্ষার্থীদেরকে এ lesson টি গুরুত্ব দিয়ে শিখতে হবে।
Rule-1
Sentence- এর subject (কর্তা) যদি third person singular number হয় এবং বাক্যটি যদি present indefinite tense (সাধারণ বর্তমান কাল)- এর হয়, তাহলে মূল verb-এর শেষে s বা es যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন:
He (go) to school regularly.
- He goes to school regularly.
She never (disturb) me.
- She never disturbs me, o,s,ss,sh,ch,x,z-es
Rule-2
Universal truth, habitual fact/ action (চিরন্তন সত্য, অভ্যাসগত কাজ) প্রভৃতি বোঝালে বাক্যটি present indefinite tense এর হয়। যেমন-
The earth (move) round the sun.
- The earth moves round the sun.
Rahim (to read) six hours a day.
- Rahim reads six hours a day.
Rule-3
অতীত বা ভবিষ্যতের কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ না থেকে যদি বাক্যে always, regularly, daily, sometimes, often, generally, everyday, occasionally, usually, normally ইত্যাদি থাকে, তবে
সেটি present indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
He (be) always regular.
- He is always regular.
Rakib often (visit) us.
- Rakib often visits us.
Rule-4
কোনো বাক্যে যদি now, at present, at this moment, day by day প্রভৃতি থাকে, তাহলে verb-এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয় অর্থাৎ বাক্যটি তখন Present continuous tense (চলমান বর্তমান কাল)- এ হয়। যেমন-
At present people (to cut) down trees for various purposes.
- At present people are cutting down trees for various purposes.
Rule-5
কোনো sentence- এ just, just now, already, yet, ever, lately, recently, immediately থাকলে বাক্যটি present perfect tense এর হয়। যেমনঃ
He has just (go) out.
- He has just gone out.
Have you ever (go) there?
- Have you ever gone there?
Rule-6
কোনো sentence- এ যদি have, has, had, shall have, will have, having, be প্রভৃতি থাকে, তবে এদের পর verb-এর past participle রূপ হয়। যেমন:
I have (write) a letter.
- I have written a letter.
Rina has (carry) the eggs.
- Rina has carried the eggs.
Rule-7
Relative Pronoun (Who, Which, that)- এর পূর্বে যে Noun বসে, তাকে Antecedent বলে। Complex Sentence এ Antecedent অনুযায়ী verb বসে। যেমন:-
Rina who (be) my friend should stand by me.
- Rina who is my friend should stand by me.
Rule-8
কোনো কাজ পূর্বে শুরু হয়ে এখন পর্যন্ত চলছে বোঝালে verb এর present perfect continuous tense হয়। যেমনঃ
Rony has (to read) for three hours.
- Rony has been reading for three hours.
It (rain) since morning.
- It has been raining since morning.
Rule-9
Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, had to, need to, dare not, going to), had better had rather, had sooner, would better, would rather, would sooner, make, help, let to, cannot but/ could not but, see, hear, behold, watch, has to, have to had to, be+to used to- এগুলোর পর Verb-এর Present form হয়। যেমন-
You had better (go) now.
- You had better go now.
They need not (say) so.
- They need not say so.
I let him (go) there.
- I let him go there.
He made me (do) the work.
- He made me do the work.
I saw him (go) in silence.
- I saw him go in silence.
I behold him (reap) the crops.
- I behold him reap the crops.
I wathced him (leave) the room.
- I watched him leave the room.
I cannot but (shed) tears.
- I cannot but shed tears.
I used to (live) alone.
- I used to live alone.
I cannot but (do) the work.
- I cannot but do the work.
It may (rain) today.
- It may rain today.
Rule-10
অতীত নির্দেশক শব্দ বা Phrase যেমন- yesterday, ago, long since, long ago, last night, last week, last month ইত্যাদি থাকলে verb এর Past form হয়। যেমন-
He (come) back home yesterday.
- He came back home yesterday.
We (to gain) independence from Pakistan in 1971.
- We gained independence from Pakistan in 1971.
Rule-11
Past Perfect tense- এর before এর পূর্বে ও after এর পরে had বসে এবং মূল verb এর past participle form বসে। যেমন: The patient died after the doctor (to come).
The patient died after the doctor (to come).
- The patient died after the doctor had come.
The doctor (to come) before the patient died.
- The doctor had come before the patient died.
Rule-12
As though, as if, wish যুক্ত sentence এর ব্র্যাকেটের to be এর জায়গায় were বসে। যেমন:
I wish I (to be) a king.
- I wish I were a king
He talks as if he (to be) a mad.
- He talks as if he were a mad.
Rule-13
As though, as if, since যুক্ত sentence এর প্রথম অংশ present tense এ থাকলে পরের অংশ past indefinite tense হয় এবং প্রথম অংশ past indefinite tense- এ থাকলে পরের অংশ past perfect tense হয়। যেমন:
He speaks as though he (to know) everything.
- He speaks as though he knew everything.
She seemed as though I (to not speak).
- She seemed as though I had not spoken.
It has been a long time since we last (to meet). It has been a long time since we last met.
- It (to be) long since his father died.
It is long since his father died. It was many years since they first (meet).
- It was many years since they had first met.
It was long since I (see) her last.
- It was long since I had seen her last.
Rule-14
Sentence এর শুরুতে would that থাকলে subject এর পরে could বসে এবং প্রদত্ত verb এর base form (মূলরূপ) বসে। যেমন
Would that I (to go) to Canada!
- Would that I could go to Canada!
Rule 15
Passive voice এর ক্ষেত্রে সর্বদা মূল verb এর Past
participle হয়। যেমন-
The letter is being (to write) by her.
- The letter is being written by her.
Rule-16
Have, has had, get, got, want ইত্যাদি verb গুলি যখন কোনো sentence এর মধ্যে subject এর পরে বসে, তখন মূল verb টির past participle form হয়। যেমনঃ
I got the sum (to do) by him.
- I got the sum done by him.
I should get my hair (to cut).
- I should get my hair cut
Rule-17
Complex এবং Compound sentence এর এক অংশে past tense থাকলে অপর অংশও সাধারণত past tense করতে হয় এবং Sentence main clause এ past tense থাকলে subordinate
clause সাধারণত past tense হবে। যেমনঃ Della sold her hair and (to buy) a gift.
- Della sold her hair and bought a gift.
He said that he (to be) ill.
- He said that he was ill.
I told him that 1 (to do) the work. 1
- I told him that I had done the work.
Rule-18
Wish, It is time, It is high time প্রভৃতির পরে past indefinite tense হয়। যেমনঃ
I wish I (to have) the wings of a bird.
- I wish I had the wings of a bird.
It is high time we (go) there.
- It is high time we went there.
Rule-19
Main clause যদি present বা future tense এর হয়,
তবে subordinate clause যে কোন tense এর হতে পারে। যেমনঃ
He says that he will go.
- He will say that he does not know it
Rule-20
Subordinate clause ‘than’ বা ‘as well as’ দিয়ে শুরু হলে principal clause & past tense হওয়া সত্ত্বেও subordinate clause, present
tense- এ হতে পারে। যেমন:
He loved you more than he loves me.
- He liked you as well as he likes me.
Rule-21
যদি কোনো simple sentence এ একটি finite verb (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া) ও একটি non-finite verb (অসমাপিকা ক্রিয়া) থাকে, তাহলে সাধারণ non-finite verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয় অথবা verb-টির পূর্বে to বসাতে হয়। উল্লেখ্য, উদ্দেশ্য অর্থ বোঝাতে ব্রাকেটের verb এর পূর্বে to বসাতে হয়। যেমনঃ
I heard her (sing) a song.
- I heard her singing a song.
I want (to become) rich.
- I want to become rich.
Rule-22
প্রদত্ত verb এর পূর্বে mind, worth, without, past, cannot help, can not bear, feel like, addicted to, devoted to, inclined to, prefer, it is no use, could not help, with a view to, take to, look forward to, be + used to, get used to থাকলে তারপর মূল verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়। যেমনঃ
Would you mind (to take) a cup of tea?
- Would you mind taking a cup of tea?
I feel like (cry).
- I feel like crying.
I went there with a view to (see) you.d
- I went there with a view to seeing you.
I prefer (dance) to playing.
- I prefer dancing to playing.
Ruie 23
To ব্যতিত অন্য কোন preposition এর পরে মূল verb টির সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন:
He worked instead of (play).
- He worked instead of playing.
He did the work without (to take) my permission.
- He did the work without taking my permission.
Rule-24
কোনো sentence এর verb তার subject এর number এবং person অনুযায়ী ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন:
The colour of his eyes (to be) blue.
- The colour of his eyes is blue
The players in this field (to be) strong
- The players in this field are strong.
Rule-25
কোনো sentence যদি there দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং তারপর singular number থাকে তাহলে there এর পরে singular verb বসে এবং plural number থাকলে plural verb বসে। যেমন:
There (to be) water everywhere around them.
- There is/was water everywhere around them.
There (to be) no birds in that snow covered country.
- There are/were no birds in that snow covered country.
Rule-26
Mathematics, news, politics, wages, species, ethics, whereabouts, gallows, electronics, dynamics, statistics, civics, economics, United States of America ইত্যাদির পরে singular verb বসে। যেমন:
Ill news runs apace. (run নয়)
- Mathematics is his favourite subject. (are নয়)
Rule-27
নির্দিষ্ট একটি দৈর্ঘ্য বা পরিমাণ বুঝালে কোন noun দেখতে plural হলেও পরে singular verb বসে। যেমনঃ
Twenty kilometers is not a long distance (are )
- Fifty thousand taka is not a big amount (are)
Rule-28:
লক্ষ করঃ Three-fourths of the work is done. কিন্তু Three-fourths of the men are deadpo অর্থাৎ Noun এর singular বা plural এর উপর verb এর singular বা plural form নির্ভর করে।
Rule-29:
Cattle, people, gentry, peasantry, the virtuous, the brave, the rich, the poor, police, dozen, folk, poultry- এ শব্দগুলি বহুবচন নির্দেশ করে এবং এদের পরে plural verb বসে। যেমন
The cattle are grazing in the field. (is নয়)
- The people are cheering him. (is )
The virtuous are happy. (is )
- The rich are not always happy. (is নয়)
The police are the friend of public. (is নয়)
- Two dozen make twenty four. (makes নয়)
Rule-30
Each, every, no, Either, neither, or এর পরে singular verb বসে। যেমন:
Each boy and each girl was given a gift. (were )
- Every man and every women has to die. (have নয়)
No car and no rickshaw was seen in the street then. (were নয়)
- Either of the two men is eligible for the post.
Neither of the students was present in the class.
- Rahim or Karim is responsible for it.
Rule-31
As well as, with, together with, along with, in addition to, accompanied by, থাকলে প্রথম noun/pronoun (subject) অনুসারে verb বসে। যেমন:
He as well as his brothers is active. (are নয়)
The students with their class teacher were present there. (was নয়)
He together with his brothers has attended the party. (have নয়)
Rule-32
Subject অংশে many a, one of the, each of the, any of the, much of the, the first of the, the last of the, the number of, either of the, nither of the, the group of, the quality of, everyone, everyday, everything, nobody, no one, none, nothing, anything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone থাকলে এদের পর Singular Verb বসে, অর্থাৎ Subject-টিকে 3 person singular number ধরতে হয় এবং সেই অনুযায়ী verb বসে। N.B: তবে a number of a variety of / several pairs of/ plenty of/ a lot of / a group of + Plural Noun + verb Plural হয়। যেমন:
Neither of the boys is singing a song.
- Many a boys ruins his career through laziness.
Many a flower has bloomed in the garden.
- Many a boy is playing in the field.
Rule-33
Collective noun- এরপর Singular ও Plural উভয় verb বসতে পারে। Verb-টি Singular হবে না কি Plural হবে সেটা নির্ভর করে Collective noun- টিকে যেভাবে প্রকাশ করা হয় তার উপর।
অর্থাৎ সমষ্টিগত অর্থে singular Verb হয়, কিন্তু পৃথক পৃথক সত্তা বোঝালে Plural verb হয়।
List of some nouns of this type: (army, audience, band, chorus, class, club, committee, congress, crowd, faculty, family, group, government, jury, majority, minority, orchestra, organization, police, public, series, staff, team, variety) যেমন:
The jury has ordered to hang the man.
- The jury was unanimous in its opinions. fox.
Rale-34
And দ্বারা দুটি noun এর একটির সাথে article থাকলে একই ব্যক্তি বুঝায়, আর noun দু’টির সাথেই article থাকলে দুজন ব্যক্তি বুঝায় এবং সেই অনুসারে verb বসে। যেমনঃ
The headmaster and secretary was present in the meeting, (একই ব্যক্তি)কিন্তু,
The headmaster and the secretary were present in the meeting (দুজন ব্যক্তি)
Rule-35:
If + present indefinite tense + future indefinite tense, অর্থাৎ If যুক্ত clause টি যদি present indefinite tense এর হয়, তবে অপরটি (principal clause) future indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
If he works hard, he (to shine) in life.
- If he works hard, he will shine in life.
If it rains, I not (to go) out.
- If it rains, I shall not go out.
Rule-36:
If + past indefinite tense + past conditional অর্থাৎ If- clause টি past indefinite tense এ থাকলে, principal clause টির (অপর অংশটি) subject এর পরে might/could/would বসে + bracket এর verb টির মূলরূপ হয়। যেমন:
If he came, I (to go)
- If he came, I would go.
I would help him if he (want).
- I would help him if he wanted.
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