Transformation of a sentence – The course is designed to develop communication skills in English and computer and information technology (ICT) of the learners. Communicative English includes the basic grammatical structures of English and basic semantics, basic reading and listening techniques for constructing informal writings; reading selected English literature; listening to selected English media; use of expressions for easy communication in daily life such as exchanging information, greeting, shopping, application, past, present & future activities, liking & disliking etc; giving English oral presentations; and writing formal letters and essays.
Study and practice in reading and writing on related topics from nursing textbooks/journals/magazines & note taking, referencing; improvement of reading and writing abilities with emphasis on review of vocabularies, sentence structure, organization, development of oral presentation; developing writing skills Business letters, application & CV; report writing, editing, proof reading, translation and professional writings-meeting minutes; improvement of speaking and listening abilities with establishing communication and making arguments.
Computer and information technology is designed for understanding of using computer and information technology; it applications in nursing field; application programs for Microsoft Word processing, Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations, Networking and Communication through internet and World Wide Web applications.
Transformation of a sentence
What is transformation of a sentence? (বাকা রূপান্তর কী?)
কোনো sentence (বাক্য)-এর অর্থের পরিবর্তন না করে সেই sentence- এর বাহ্যিক বা কাঠামোগত (Structur) পরিবর্তন করাকে Transformation of a sentence (বাক্য রূপান্তর) বলা হয়। Sentence- এর এরূপ পরিবর্তনের মাধ্যমে নতুন নতুন বাকা তৈরি হয়, ভাষায় বৈচিত্র্য আসে এবং ভাষা উন্নত হয়।
Transformation of Sentence করতে কী কী বিষয়ে পূর্বজ্ঞান থাকা প্রয়োজন?
সঠিকভাবে S.S.C. H.S.C. Hon’s/Degree-এর সিলেবাসভিত্তিক Transformation করতে হলে যে বিষয়গুলোর ওপর পূর্বেই ধারণা বা জ্ঞান থাকা প্রয়োজন সেগুলো হলো।
i. Affirmative Sentence (হ্যাঁ- বোধাক বাক্য)
ii. Negative Sentence (না বোধাক বাক্য)
iii. পর্যাপ্ত opposite words antonyms (বিপরীতার্থক শব্দ) জানা
iv. Simple, Compound and Complex sentences (সরল, যৌগিক ও জটিল বাকা)
v. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs (বিশেষণ ও ক্রিয়াবিশেষণের তুলনা)
S.S.C, H.S.C, Hon’s Degree-র জন্যে যেসব sentence- এ Transformation শিখতে হবে:
A. Affirmative to negative (হ্যাঁ-বোধক থেকে না-বোধক)
B. Negative to affirmative (না-বোধক থেকে হ্যাঁ-বোধক)
C. Compound to complex (যৌগিক থেকে জটিল)
D. Complex to compound (জটিল থেকে যৌগিক)
E. Compound to simple (যৌগিক থেকে সবল)
F. Simple to compound (সরল থেকে যৌগিক)
G. Complex to simple (জটিল থেকে সরল)
H. Simple to complex (সরল থেকে জটিল)
I. Positive to comparative (তুলনাহীন থেকে দূরের মধ্যে তুলনা।
J. Comparative to positive (নুয়ের মধ্যে তুলনাহীন থেকে তুলনাহীন)
K. Positive to superlative (তুলনাহীন থেকে সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ সর্বনিম্ন)
L. Superlative to positive (সর্বশ্রেষ্ট/সর্বনিম্ন থেকে তুলনাহীন।
M. Comparative to superlative (দুয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা থেকে সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ/সর্বনিম্ন)
N. Superlative to conquurive (সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ সর্বনিম্ন থেকে দুয়ের মতো ভূশবর)
A. Transformation from Affirmative to Negative Sentence (হ্যাঁ-বোধক বাক্য থেকে না-বোধক বাক্যে রূপান্তর)
Rule-1: Affirmative sentence-এর only বা alone যদি Allah, God বা কোনো ব্যাক্তির জন্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে, তবে সেক্ষত্রে Only বা alon- এর পরিবর্তে none but ব্যবহার করে negative sentence- এ রূপান্তরিত করা হয়।
Aff: Only Allah can help us.
Or: Allah alone can help us.
Neg: None but Allah can help us.
Aff: Only Rakib will do it. Or, Rakib alone will do it
Neg: None but Rakib Will do it.
Rule-2: Affirmative sentence-এর only যদি কোন বস্তু বা প্রাণীর ক্ষেত্রে বসে, তবে সেক্ষেত্রে only-এর পরিবর্তে nothing but ব্যবহার করে negative sentence করা হয়।
Aff: She has two pens only.
Neg: She has nothing but two pens.
Aff: They have only a rented house (ভাড়া বাড়ি)
Neg: They have nothing but a rented house.
Aff: The widow has only two goats of her own
Neg: The widow has nothing but two goats of her own
Rule-3: Affirmative sentence-এর only যদি কোনো সংখ্যার সাথে বসে, তবে ঐ only-কে not more than বা not less than ব্যবহার করে negative sentence- এ রুপান্তরিত করা হয়।
Aff: I need taka 50 only.
Neg: I do not need more than taka 50
Or. I do not need less than taka 50.
Aff: The boy is only 12 years old.
Neg: The boy is not more than 12 years old.
Or: The boy is not less than 12 years old.
Rule-4: Affirmative sentence- both….and বা and থাকলে, not only হয়। but also ব্যবহার করে তাকে negative sentence-পরিবর্তিত কর
Aff: Both 1 and Reza can do it.
Neg: Not only I but also Reza can do it.
Aff: I bought both a book and a pen.
Neg: I bought not only a book but also a pen.
Aff: We went both to Jessore and Khulna.
Neg: We went not only to Jessore but also to Khulna.
Rule-5: Affirmative sentence-at every, all এর পরিবর্তে “but’ (‘ছাড়া’ অর্থে) ব্যবহার করে negative করা হয়। এক্ষেত্রে negative বাকের শুরুতে There is no There are no বসে।
Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg. There is no mother but loves her child.
Aff: Every man wishes to be happy.
Neg: There is no man but wishes to be happy.
Aff: All men dislike dishonest persons.
Neg: There are no men but dislike dishonest persons.
Rule-6: Affirmative-এর every, all-এর পরিবর্তে who not ব্যবহার করে negative করা হয়। এক্ষেত্রেও negative-এর শুরুতে There is no বসে।
Aff: Every mother loves her child. Neg: There is no mother who does not love her child
Aff: A patriot loves his country.
Neg: There is no patriot who dose not love his country.
Rule-7: Affirmative-এর ক্ষেত্রে every, all-এর পরিবর্তে no বাবয়ায় করেও negative sentence-এ transformed করা যায়। আবার, এদেরকে There is no……but অথবা there is no…….who ব্যবহার করেও পরিবর্তন করা যায়।
Aff: Every mother loves her child.
Neg: No mother hates her child.
Or, There is no mother but loves her child.
Aff: Every man likes flowers.
Neg: There is no man who does not like flowers.
Or: No man dislikes flowers.
Aff: Every man is mortal.
Neg: No man is immoral.
Or: There is no man who is immortal.
Rule-8: অনেক Affirmative sentence-এর ভেতরের কিছু শব্দকে বিপরীত শব্দ (Opposite word/antonym)-এ পরিবর্তিত করে negative sentence করা হয়। এসব ক্ষেত্রের জন্যে শিক্ষার্থীদেরকে opposite word/antonym-টি শিখে রাখতে হবে।
Aff: I shall remember you.
Neg: I shall not forget you.
Aff: He speaks the truth.
Neg: He does not tell a lie.
Aff: We shall always be regular.
Neg: We shall never be irregular.
Rule-9: চিরন্তন সত্য, অভ্যাসগত কাজ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায় এমন অনেক affirmative sentence-এর বা adjective-এর antonyms/opposite word, (বিপরীতার্থক শব্দ) ব্যবহার করে এবং তার পূর্বে not যুক্ত করে তাদেরকে negative sentence-এ transformed করা হয়।
Aff: Man is mortal.
Neg: Man is not immortal
Or: No man is immortal.
Aff: He is an idle boy.
Neg: He is not an active boy.
Aff: It is a new book.
Neg: It is not an old book.
Rule-10: নিম্নরূপ চিরন্তন সত্য অনেক affirmative sentence-কে
negative question (negative-interrogative sentence)-এ পরিবর্তিত করে negative sentence করা হয়।
Aff: The sun rises in the east.
Neg: Does not the sun rise in the east? (Doesn’t the sun rise in the east?)
Aff: Health is wealth.
Neg: Is not health wealth? (Isn’t health wealth?)
Aff: Knowledge is power.
Neg: Is not knowledge power? (Isn’t knowledge power?)
Rule-11: Affirmative sentence-এর sometimes- এর পরিবর্তে not
always-ব্যবহার করে negative sentence-এ রুপান্তর করা হয়।
Aff: He is sometimes happy.
Neg: He is not always happy.
Aff: She sometimes helps me.
Neg:She does not always help me.
Rule-12: অনেক Affirmative sentence-এর adverb-এর বিপরীত শব্দ sentence-এ রূপান্তর করা হয়। (antonyms/opposite word) ব্যবহার করে তাদেরকে negative
Aff: The car is running fast.
Neg: The car is not running slowly.
Aff: She did the sum correctly.
Neg: She did not do the sum incorrectly.
Aff: Tamal behaves gently/politely.
Neg: Tamal does not behave rudely.
Rule-13: অনেক Affirmative sentence-ot many- not a few, a few-to not many, a little not much এবং much-কে not a little- এ পরিবর্তিত করে negative sentence করা হয়।
Aff: He has many books.
Neg: He does not have a few books
Aff: I have a few toys.
Neg: I do not have many toys.
Aff: She is in need of much money.
Neg: She is not in need of little money.
Rule-14: Affirmative sentence-এর ‘too to’ কে ‘so….that’ ব্যবহার করে negative sentence-এ রুপান্তর করা হয়।।
Aff: The old man is too weak to walk
Neg: The old man is so weak that he cannot walk.
Aff: The girl is too lazy to do well in her exam.
Neg: The girl is so lazy that she cannot do well in her exam.
Rule-15: Affirmative sentence-এর ‘as soon as’ কে ‘no sooner had….than’ ব্যবহার করে negative sentence-এ রুপান্তর করা হয়।
Aff: As soon as we reached home, it began to rain.
Neg: No sooner had we reached home than it began to rain.
Aff: As soon as he came here, I met him.
Neg: No sooner had he come here than I met him.
Rule-17: Affirmative sentence-এর ‘as…….as’ কে ‘not less than’ বা comparative degree ব্যবহার করে negative sentence-4 রূপান্তর করা হয়।
Aff: Jamal is as good as tamal
Neg: Jamal is not less good than Tamal.
Or: Tamal is not better than Jamal.
Aff: The crow looks as black as coal.
Neg: The crow does not look less black than coal.
Or: Coal does not look blacker than crow.
Rule-18: কিছু কিছু ভিন্ন প্রকৃতির affirmative sentence কে অর্থ অনুসারে নিম্নরূপে negative sentence-এ রুপান্তর করা হয়।
Aff: All men must die.
Neg: No man can escape death.
Or: There is no man who can escape death.
Aff: We are doubtful if (whether) he will come here.
Neg: We are not sure (certain) if (whether) he will come here.
Aff: Every rose has its thorns.
Neg: There is no rose without thorns.
Rule-19: অনেক affirmative sentence- must/have to/has to দিয়ে জোর/আবশ্যিকতা প্রকাশ পায়। এরূপ ক্ষেত্রে এসব must/have to/has to- কে cannot but + v-এর base form+ help + v-ing করে negative sentence-এ রুপান্তর করা হয়।
Aff: I must go there (আমাকে সেখানে যেতেই হবে।)
Neg: I cannot but go there.
Or: I cannot help going there.(আমি সেখানে না যেয়ে পারি না।)
Aff: You have to do it.(তোমাকে এটি করতে/করতেই হবে।
Neg: You cannot but do it.
Or: You cannot help doing it.(তুমি এটি না করে পার না।)
Aff: He has to help his brother.
Neg. He cannot but help his brother
Or: He cannot help helping his brother.
B. Transformation from Negative Sentence to Alffirmative Sentence (না-বোধক বাক্য থেকে হ্যাঁ-বোধক বাক্য রূপান্তর)
N.B এরূপ Transformation সঠিকভাবে করতে হলে পূর্বে আলোচিত Transformation from affirmative sentence to negative sentence ভালোভাবে কয় করতে হবে। তাহলে এটি সহজেই করা যাবে। মূলত, এটি পূর্বের রূপান্তরের বিপরীত রূপান্তর মাত্র।
C. Transformation from compound to comples Sentence (যৌগিক থেকে জটিল বাক্যে। রূপান্তর):
Rule-20: Compound sentence- and, and so, so (এবং, এবং তাই, তাই/সেজন্যে) থাকলে এবং কারণ ও ফলাফল বোঝালে and, and so, 50- এর স্থলে When, as soon as, as, since, because (যেহেতু সেহেতু, কারণ) বসে এবং এদের পরে অধীন বাক্যাংশ বসে। প্রধান বাক্যাংশ ও অধীন বাক্যাংশকে বাক্যের প্রথমে কিংবা বাকোর শেষে নিচের ন্যায় স্থান বদল করে লেখা যায়। তবে অধীন বাক্যাংশ বাকোর প্রথমে বসলে এর পরে কমা (,) ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Compound: We saw the snake and it ran away.
Complex: When we saw the snake, it ran away.
Or, As soon as we saw the snake, it ran away.
Compound: The boy worked hard and so/so he succeeded.
Complex As the boy worked hard, he succeeded.
Or: Since the boy worked hard, he succeeded
Or: The boy succeeded as he worked hard.
Or: The boy succeeded because/since he (had) worked hard.
Compound: The weather was bad so/and so we did not go out.
Complex: As Since the weather was bad, we did not go out.
Or. We did not go outside as/since/because the weather was bad.
Rule-21: Compound sentence-এ যদি and থাকে এবং ঐ বাক্যে যদি উদ্দেশ্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে and-এর পরিবর্তে so that/that/in order that (যেন, যাতে করে, যার ফলে) ব্যবহার করে complex sentence করা হয়। এক্ষেত্রে Complex Sentence-এর অধীন বাকাংশে এর অর্থ অনুসারে অতিরিক্ত হিসেবে tense অনুযায়ী can, could, may, might যোগ করতে হয়।
Compound: We eat and live
Or: We eat and so we live.
Complex: We eat so that that we can live. (আমারা খাই যেন আমরা বাঁচতে পারি।)
Compound: He studied regularly and wanted to do well in his exams.
Complex: He studied regularly so that/that/in order that he could do well in his exams.
Rule-22: and বা or যুক্ত compound sentence-টি যদি কোনো কাজের শর্ত বোঝায়, তবে If ব্যবহার করে তাকে complex sentence করা হয়। And থাকলে complex sentence- টিকে হ্যাঁ বোধক করা হয় এবং or থাকলে একে না বোধক করা হয়। উল্লেখ্য, এরূপ ক্ষেত্রে compound sentence-এর বাকাগুলো সাধারণত imperative (command, request) sentence-এ থাকে এবং complex sentence-এ রূপান্তরের সময় একে assertive sentence পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
Compound: Work hard and you will shine in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will shine in life.
Compound: Read many books and you will learn many things
Complex If you read many books, you will learn many things
Compound: Stand up or you will be punished.
Complex: If you do not stand up, you will be punished.
Compound: Take regular physical exercise and you will keep fit
Complex: If you take regular physical exercise, you will keep fit
Rule-23: Ov/otherwise-eয় অর্থ নতুবা/অনাগায়। Compound sentence or otherwise থাকলে থাকে unless (if not- যদি না, বা করলে) ব্যবাহার করে complex এ রূপান্তরিত করা হয়। এক্ষেত্রে compound sentence-এর বাক্যটি সাধারণত Imperative (Command, Request) sentence-এ থাকে। কিন্তু complex sentence-এ রূপান্তরের সময় এক Assertive sentence (statement)-এ পরিণত করা হয়।
Compound: Work hard or otherwise you will not succeed.
Complex: Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.
Or: If you do not work hard, you will not succeed.
Compound: Eat a balanced diet or otherwise you will become unwell
Complex: Unless you eat a balanced diet, you will become unwell
Rule-24: Compound sentence-এ but (কিন্তু, তবে) থাকলে though although (যদিও, যদিও হলেও) ব্যবহার করে Complex sentence-এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
Compound: The man is poor but honest.
Complex: Though the man is poor, he is honest.
Or: Although the man is poor, he is honest.
Or: The man is honest though/although he is poor.
Compound: She worked hard but could not succeed
Complex: Though/Although she worked hard, she could not succeed.
Or: She could not succeed, though she worked hard
Rule-25: এ ধরনের compound sentence and/and so/hence therefore (তাই, আর তাই, অতএব, সেজন্যে) থাকলে এগুলোকে উঠিয়ে দিয়ে 50. …that (এত… যে ব্যবহার করে complex করা হয়।
Compound: He is very weak and/and so hence therefore he cannot walk
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk
Compoundঃ The table was very heavy and and so/hence/therefore I could not lift it.
Complex: The table was so heavy that I could not lift it.
Rule-26: নিচের compound sentence-এ and অবস্থান করে যদি কোনো ব্যাক্তি, বস্তু, প্রাণী, বিষয় ইত্যাদি সম্বন্ধে অতিরিক্ত কোনো তথ্য প্রদান করে, তবে উক্ত and-কে উঠিয়ে দিয়ে who, whom, whose, which/that, what ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করে complex sentence করা হয়। এক্ষেত্রে compound-এর a/an- এর বদলে complex-এ সাধারণত the বসে।
Compound: A boy came here yesterday and he is my cousin,
Complex: The boy who came here yesterday is my cousin.
Compound: I bought a pen and it was nice.
Complex: I bought a pen which that was nice.
Compound: Rony told me something and I could not understand it
Complex: I could not understand what Rony told me
Or: What Rony told me I could not understand.
D. Transformation from complex to compound Sentence (জটিল বাক্য থেকে যৌগিক বাক্যে রূপান্তর)।
N.B: বিশেষভাবে লক্ষণীয় rে. Complex to Compound-এ রূপান্তর পূর্বের (Compound to complex) রূপান্তরের বিপরীত প্রক্রিয়া মাত্র। সুতরাং, পূর্বের রূপান্তরগুল্যে ভালোভাবে শেখা হলে Complex to compound-এ রূপান্তর সহজেই করা যাবে।
E. Transformation from compound to simple Sentence (যৌগিক থেকে সরল বাক্যে রূপান্তর)
Rule-27: and-যুক্ত উপরিউক্ত ধরনের compound sentence-es and, and so কে বাদ দিয়ে, প্রথম verb-এর মূলরূপের সাথে-ing (v-ing) যোগ করে এবং এরপর কমা (,) ব্যবহার করে Simple sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত করা হয়।
Compound: He learns his lessons and goes to school.
Simple: Learning his lessons, he goes to school.
Compound: I closed the door and went out.
Simple: Closing the door, I went out.
Compound: She worked very hard and became fired
Simple: Working very hard, she became tired.
Rule-28: আলাদা আলাদা subject-বিশিষ্ট নিম্নোক্ত প্রকারের compound sentence-কে simple করতে হলে প্রথম অংশের past perfect or past Indifinite-কে বাদ দিয়ে সেই অংশের মূল verb-এর পূর্বে having যোগ করে (অর্থাৎ having+VPP) করে, এরপর কমা (,) দিয়ে এবং শেষের বাক্যাংশকে পূর্বাবস্থায় রেখে simple sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত করা হয়।
Compound: He had learnt his lessons and went to school.
Simple: Having learnt his lessons, he went to school.
Compound: The sun had set and I came back home.
Or: The sun set and I came back home.
Simple: The sun having set. I came back home.
Or: Having the sun set, I came back home. ( সূর্য অস্ত গেলে আমি বাড়ি ফিরলাম।)
Rule-29: নিম্নে প্রদত্ত and-যুক্ত compound sentence-টি যদি হ্যাঁ বোধক (affirmative) অর্থ প্রকাশ করে এবং প্রথম বাক্যাংশের শর্তের উপর যদি দ্বিতীয় বাক্যাংশ নির্ভর করে, তবে সেক্ষেত্রে by+ প্রথম বাক্যাংশের verb-ing (gerund) করা হয় এবং শেষ বাক্যাংশটিকে পূর্ব অবস্থায় রেখে একে simple sentence করা
Compound: Attend your classes regularly and you can learn many things.
Simple: By attending your classes regularly, you can learn many things.
Compound: Work hard and you will shine in life.
Simple: By working hard, you will shine in life.
Rule-30: নিম্নে প্রদত্ত or/otherwise-যুক্ত compound sentence-টি যদি না বোধক (negative) অর্থ প্রকাশ করে এবং প্রথম বাক্যাংশের শর্তের উপর যদি দ্বিতীয় বাক্যাংশ নির্ভর করে, তবে সেক্ষেত্রে without+ প্রথম বাক্যাংশের verb- ing (gerund) করা হয় এবং শেষ বাক্যাংশটি পূর্ব অবস্থায় রেখে একে simple sentence করা হয়।
Compound: Attend your classes regularly
or, (otherwise) you cannot learn many things.
Simple: Without attending your classes regularly, you cannot learn many things.
Compound: Work hard or. (otherwise) you will not shine in life.
Simple: Without working hard, you will not shine in life.
Rule-31: and/and so/so-যুক্ত এরুপ compound sentence-এর দুঅংশের subject যদি একই হয় এবং প্রথম বাক্যাংশের শর্তেও উপর যদি, দ্বিতীয় বাক্যাংশের ফল নির্ভর করে, তবে সেক্ষেত্রে for+ v-ing/Because oft v ing On account of+ v-ing (gerund) ব্যবহার করে একে simple sentence করা হয়। এরূপ ক্ষেত্রে Simple sentence-এ অনেক সময় 1, We, you, he, she, it, they এর পরিবর্তে যথাক্রমে my, our, your, his, her, its, their e possessive রূপ ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Compoundঃ He studied hard and so he secured (অর্জন করেছিল)
GPA 5 in the Exam
Simpleঃ Ear mdying hard, he secured GPA 5 in the Exam
Or: Because of studying hand, he secured GPA S in the Exam.
Or: Because of Chia) studying hard, he secured GPA 5 in the Exaim
Compound: He was ill and so so he could not go to the party
Simple: For (his) heing ill, he could not go to the party.
Or: Because of (his) being ill, he could not go to the party Because of his illness, he could not go to the party.
Or: On account of (his) being ill, he could not go to the party
Rule-32: এরূপ but (কিন্তু)/yet (কবুক)-যুক্ত compound sentence-এর but/yet-কে বাদ দেয়া হয়, এবং in spite of (সত্ত্বেও) ১ম বাক্যাংশের subjecte possessive কপ+ ১ম বাক্যাংশের v-ing (gerund) + অপরিবর্তিতকণে ২য় বাক্যাংশটি ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Compound: She is regular in her classes but she cannot do well in her exams.
Simple: In spite of her being regular in her classes, she cannot do well in her exams.
Compound: We walked fast but we missed the traini
Simple: In spite of our walking fast, we missed the train
Compound: He has vast property but (yet) he wants more.
Simple: In spite of his having vast properly, he wants more.
Rule-33: ইতোপূর্বে আলোচিত নিয়ম অনুসাবে নিচের বাকাগুলোকে simple sentence করা যায়। আবার ১ম বাক্যাংশের adjective-এর noun-রূপ বাবহার করেও এদেরকে simple sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত করা যায়।
Compound: He is poor but (he is) honest.
Simple In spite of his poverty, he is honest.
Or: In spite of his being poor, he is honest.
Compound The man is weak but he has vast learning
Simple: In spite of his weakness, the man has vast learning.
Or: In spite of his being weak, the man has vast learning.
Rule-34: সময় প্রকাশ করে এরুপ compound sentence-এর and/and then-কে বাদ দিয়ে in/during ব্যবহার করে simple sentence করা হয়।
Compound: It was winter vacation and and then I was in our village.
Simple: I was in our village in winter vacation.
Compound: It was morning and and then he was at school.
Simple: He was at school in the morning
Rule-35: এ ধরনের সময় প্রকাশক compound sentence- be verb and/and then-কে বাদ দিয়ে এবং at the time of, during ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করে Simple sentence-এ পরিণত করা হয়।
Compound: It was raining and and then I stayed at home.
Simple: At the time of raining, I stayed at home.
Or: I stayed at home at the time of raining.
Compound: My mother was sick and and then she was in a hospital
Simple: During her sickness, my mother was in a hospital.
Rule-36: এ ধরনের compound sentence and, and so, so-কে বাদ দেয় হয় এবং ২য় বাক্যাংশের can, cannot/can’t, could not/couldn’t- কেও বাদ দেয়া হয়। অতঃপর, too loTV। (ফুলরূণ) বা adj/adv+ enough to+ V₁ (মূলকূপ) ব্যবহার করে Simple sentence করা হয়।
Compound: The boy is very weak and/and so so he cannot walk
Simple: The boy is too weak to walk.
Compound: Sumon was very clever (বুদ্ধিমান), he could understand the sum.
Simple: Sumon was clever enough to understand the sum.
Rule-37: Want to desire to যুক্ত compound sentence want/desire- কে বাদ দিয়ে lo/in order to (তে, উদ্দেশ্য, জন্যে)+ V (মূলকূপ) ব্যবহার করে simple sentence করা হয়।
Compound: He studies regularly and wants to do well in the exam
Simple: He studies regularly in order to (or, to) do well in the exam
Compound: We walked fast and wanted to catch the bus.
Simple: We walked fast to in order to catch the bus
Compound: Ripon is preparing himself well and desires to take admission into a medical college.
Simple: Ripon is preparing himself well to’n order to take admission into a medical college.
Rule-38: Compound Sentence-et not only but also পরিবর্তে both and ব্যাবহার করেও Simple sentence করা হয়।
Compound: Rabindranath Tagore was not only a great poet but also an educationist, (শিক্ষাবিদ)
Simple: Rabindranath Tagore was both a great poet and an educationist
F. Transformation from simple to Sentence to compound sentence (সরল থেকে যৌগিক বাক্যে রূপান্তর)
“পূর্বের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।”
G. Transformation from complex to simple Sentence (জটিল থেকে সরল বাকো রূপান্তর):
Rule-39: একই subject-বিশিষ্ট as/when (যখন তখন), since (যেহেতু সেহেতু) যুক্ত complex sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে অধীন বাক্যাংশের মূল verb এর ing কর (Going, seeing) ব্যাকোর শুরুতে বসিয়ে এবং প্রধান। বাক্যাংশকে অপরিবর্তিত রেখে simple sentence করা হয়।।
Complex: When I went to the market, I bought a hox
Simple: Going to the market, I bought a box.
Complex: When As/Siass the dog saw him, it ran away
Sumple: Secing him, the dog ran away
Complex: When Az I closed the door, I went out.
Simple: Closing the door, I went out
Rule 46: As/Since When (যখন তখন, হলে যেহেতু সেহেতু) যুক্ত Complex sentence-এর subject যদি ভিমু জিন্ন হয়, তবে অধীন বাক্যাংশের am, is, are, was, were, has, have, had পরিবর্তে এদের-ing form ব্যবহার করে simple sentence করতে হয়। Having ব্যবহার হলে having verb-ce past participle রূপও বসে।
Complex: Aa Since the day was very hot, I did not go out
Simple: The day being very hot, I did not go out.
Or: Being the day very bot, I did not go out
Complex: When A Since the sun had roen, we started for Dhaka
Simple: The sah having triaco, we started for Dhaka
Or: Having the sun tiam, we started for Dhaka
Rule-41: Complex sentence-es as/since/because (কারণ)-এর পরিবর্তে because ofion account of noun (abstract noun) অথবা, because of on account of ving adj adv ব্যবহার করে simple sentence করা হয়।
Comples: As he is healthy he can do the work.
Simple: Because of his health, he can do the work
Or: Because of his being healthy, he can do the work
Complex: A.Simes you are sick, you should not nun
Or: You should not rum becaucas you are sick,
Simple: Decams.econ.acsount of your sickness, you should not nut.
Or: You should not run becmoe of un account of your sicknew
Rule-42: if-clause-বিশিষ্ট affirmative (হ্যাঁ-বোধত) complex sentence-at (If+subject+verb)-এর স্থলে by +v-ing (Gerund) ব্যবহার করে নিচের নিয়মে Simple sentence করা হয়।
Complex: If he studies regularly, he can do well in his exams
Simple: By studying regularly, he can do well in his exams.
Complex: If you work hard, you will prosper in your life
Simple: By working hard, you will prosper in your life
Rule-43: If-clause বিশিষ্ট negative (না-বোধক) complex sentence- এর (If subject + verb)-এর স্থলে without v-ing (Gerund) ব্যবহার করে নিচের নিয়মে simple sentence করা হয়।
Complex: If we do not read newspaper we cannot learn many things of the world.
Simple: Without reading newspaper, we cannot learn many things of the world.
Complex: If you had not studied hard, you could not get GPA 5 in your exam
Simple: Without studying hard, you could not ger GPA 5 in your exam
Rule-44: Unless (যদিনা, না হলে)-যুক্ত complex sentence-কেও পূর্বের নিয়মে without + v-ing ব্যবহার করে নিচের নিয়মে simple sentence করা হয়।
Complex: Unless you study English well, you cannot leam this language.
Simple: Without studying English well, you carmot learn this language.
Rule-45: Complex এর পরিবর্তে too to (এত যে sentence-এর so that (এত যে) না-বোধক অর্থে) ব্যবহার করে উপরের নিয়মে simple sentence করা হয়.
Complex: The old man is so weak that he cannot walkult v
Simple: The old man is too weak to walk.
Complex: The trees are so tall that we cannot climb them.
Simple: The trees are lig tall for us to climb.
Rule-46: Complex sentence- so that/in order that/that (খেন)- এর পরিবর্তে to + V, ব্যবহার করে Simple sentence করা হয়।
Complex: We eat food so that in order that/that we can live.
Simple: We eat food to live.
Rule-47: Complex sentence-এর উপরিক্ত কপে that (যে) থাকলে একপে that কে বাদ দিয়ে, অধীন বাক্যাংশের Subject-এর possessive (সম্বন্ধ পদ) ব্যবহার করে এবং তারপর noun ব্যবহার করে Simple sentence করা হয়।
Complex: He assured me that he would help me.
Simple: He assured me of his help
Complex: She admitted that she was guilty (অপরাধী)
Simple: She admitted her guilt (অপরাধ)
Rule-48: Complex sentence- এর though although-এর পরবর্তে in spite of ving adj অথবা In spite of abstract noun ব্যবহার করে Simple sentence साइ
Complex: Though Although the man is thin, he is healthy
Simple: In spite of his being thin, the man is healthy
Or: in spite of his thinness, the man is healthy
Complex: Though Although the man is poor, the man lead at honest life
Simple: In spite of being poor, the man leads an honest life.
Rule-49: Complex sentence Who, which, that াকলে এমেরকে বাদ দিয়ে verb v-ing বার করে Simple sentence করা হয়।
Complex: The boy who learns his lessons regularly can do well in his esars
Simple: The boy leaming his lessons regularly can do well in has exams
Complex: The cat that is running fast is very new
Simple: The car running fast is very new
Rule-50: এক্ষেত্রেও মূলত পূর্বের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা হয়। ভবে verb-er past participle:বিশিষ্ট এ নিয়মটি সাধারনত pasive voice-এর ক্ষেত্রে বাঘছতে হয়।
Complex: The letter which was written by him has been posted
Simple: The letter written by him has been posted
Complex: The man who was seen by you yesterday is my brother
Simple: The man seen by you yesterday is my brother.
Rule-51: এ ধরনের গাঠনরীতির complex-e Who, which, that am, is, are, was, were কে বাদ দিয়ে শুধু adjective/adverb-কে রেখে simple করা হয়।
Complex: Mr Sarkar is a man who is very sincere.
Simp: Mr Sarker is a very sincere man
Complex. A pen is a thing which that is very useful to an educated person.
Simple: A pen is a very useful thing to an educated person.
H. Transformation from simple to comples Sentence মেরুল থেকে জটিল বাক্যে রূপাকর)।
“পূর্বের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।”
Transformation fram positive to comparative degree
Rule-52: No other-s positive degree-এর সাকাকে comparative degree-তে রূপান্তরিত করার সময় no other এবং so as as as-কে বাদ দেওয়া হয়, adjective-এ comparative-রুশ বসানো হয় এবং any other বা than all other আসে।
Posi: No other boy is so good as Raju
Comp: Raju is better than any other boy
Or: Raju is better that all other boys
Posi: No other city in Bangladesh is so large as Dhaka
Comp: Dhaka is larger than any other city in Bangladesh.
Or: Dhaka is larger than all other cities in Bangladesh.
Rule-53: As… as-Tক্ত positive degree-এল বাকাকে comparative degree করতে as as বাদ দেওয়া হয়, noun বা pronoun-এর স্থান বদল করা হয়, not সর comparative degree-এর পর than ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Posi: Rina is as good as Bina.
Comp: Bina is not better than Rina
Posi: She writes as fast as L
Comp: I do not write faster than she
Rule-54: asas- positive degree কে less-যুক্ত করেও comparative করা যায়। আবার, noun বা pronoun-এর স্থান বদল করতে adjective-e4 comparative-রুপ ব্যবহার করে comparative করা হয়।
posi: Abir is not so tall as sabbir.
Comp: Abir is less tall than sabbir
Or: Sabbir is taller than abit
Posi: Gold is not so useful as iron
Or: Iron is more useful than gold
Comp: Gold is less useful than tron
Rule-55: very few positive degree-comparative degree was হল positive-et very few যায় শেখের noun বা pronoun- বর করে আগে, соmparative degree, than most other than any other
Posi: Very few kings of India were as great as Akbar.
Comp: Akbar was greater than most other kings of India.
Posi: Very few metals are as useful as iron
Comp: Iron is more useful than most other (than any other) metals.
Transformation from comparative to positive degree
“পূর্বের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।”
Transformation from positive degree to superlative
Rule-56: no other 5045 as অপের positive degree-এর বাকাকে superlative degree করতে হলে no other soas/as as উঠে যায়, শেষের roun বা pronoun-প্রথমে আসে, the + superlative degree বসে।
Posi: No other girl in the class is so tall as Sadia
Super: Sadia is the tallest girl in the class
Posi: No other city in Bangladesh is so populated as Dhaka.
Super: Dhaka is the most populated city in Bangladesh
Rule-57: very few few-e positive degree-কে superlative করতে হলে positive-এর so as বা as as বাদ যায়, শেষের noun বা pronoun-টি বাকোর শুরুতে আসে, এবং one of the superlative from বলে
Posi: Very few poets are as great as Nazrul
Super: Nazrul is one of the greatest poets
Posi: Very few metals are as (so) useful as iron.
Super: Iron is one of the most useful metals.
L. Transformation from superlative degree to positive degree
“পূর্বের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হবে।”
Transformation from comparative degree to superlative degree
Rule-58: than any other than all other- comparative degree-এর বাকাকে superlative degree করতে than any other than all other বাদ যায়, adjective-এ superlative degree বসে এবং বাকি পরিবর্তন নিম্নের উদাহারণ অনুযায়ী হয়।
Comp: He is better than any other hoy in the class
Or: He is better than all other boys in the class
Super: He is the best boy in the class.
Or: He is the best of all the boys in the class.
Comp: Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh.
Or: Dhaka is bigger than all other critics in Bangladesh.
Super: Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh
Or: Dhaka is the biggest of all the cities in Bangladesh,
Rule-59: Than most other than many other (অধিকাংশ অন্য অনেকের চাইতে) যুক্ত comparative degree superlative-এ পরবর্তিত করতে than most other than many other-কে বাদ দিতে হয় এবং one of the (অন্যতম) + superlative degree বসাতে হয়। one of the-এর পক্ষে noun/pronoun-st plural number (বহুবচন) বসে।
comp: Rishad is better than most other boys in the class.
Or: Rishad is better than any other boy in the class
Super: Rishad is one of the best boys in the class.
Comp: Iron is more useful than most other metals.
Assertive to intererogative (Vica Versa)
| No. | Assertive | Interrogative | Examples |
| 1. | Assertive (Affirmative Negative | Assertive বাক্যটি Affirmative হলে বাক্যটি Negative-Interrogative e Assertive বাক্যটি Negative হলে বাক্যটি Affirmative Interrogative করতে হয়। (N.B: Auxiliary Verb না থাকলে number ও person অনুসারে Do/ Does / Did নিতে হয়।) | Ass: He learns his lesson regularly (Affirmative) Int: Doesn’t he learn his lesson regularly? Ass: He was not present in the class (Make negative sentence) Int:Was he present in the class? |
| 2. | Nobody/ No one/None যখন Subject | Nobody No one None- এর পরিবর্তে Who বসে এবং বাক্যটি Affirmative- Interrogative করতে হয়। Or, Auxiliary Verb + No স্থানে Any + Auxiliary Verb মোতাবেক PV বাকি অংশ | Ass: Nobody believes a liar. Int: Who believes a liar? Or, Does anybody believes a liar? Ass: None will come to help you. Int Who will come to help you? Or, Will anyone come to help you? |
| 3. | Nobody/No one/None যখন Object | Nobody No one / None- এনার No স্থানে any বসে ও বাকাটি Affirmative Interrogative করতে হয়। | Ass:I know nobody here. Int:Do I know anybody here? Ass: He knew none/ no one of us? Int: Did he know anyone of us? |
| 4. | Everybody Everyone/ All যখন Subject | Everybody Everyone / All- এর পরিবর্তে Who বসে এবং বাক্যটি Negative Interrogative করতে হয়। | Ass: Everybody wishes to be happy. Int: Who does not wishes to be happy? Ass: All should follow the rules. Int:Who should not follow the rules? |
| 5. | It There is no + person/ thing | There is no স্থানে who is (ব্যক্তির ক্ষেত্রে) এবং what is (বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে) + no এর পরবর্তী অংশ? Or, is there no স্থানে any no এর পরবর্তী অংশ+? | Ass:There is no use of it. Int:What is the use of it? Or, I there any use of it? Ass: There is no man perfectly honest here. Int: Who is perfectly honest here? Is there any man perfectly honest here? |
| 6. | Nothing যখন Subject | Nothing এর পরিবর্তে what বসে এবং বাক্যটি Affirmative-Interrogative করতে হয়। Or, Auxiliary Verb + no স্থানে any+ বাকী অংশ + ? | Ass: Nothing will be fruitful here? Int: What will be fruitful here? Or, Will anything be fruitful here? |
| 7. | Nothing যখন object | Nothing স্থানে Anything বসিয়ে বাকাটি Affirmative-Interrogative করতে হয়। | Ass:I have nothing to do for you. Int:Have I anything to do for you? |
| 8. | Nothing but | Nothing but স্থানে anything but + পরবর্তী অংশ বসিয়ে বাকাটি Affirmative- Interrogative করতে হয়। Or, What Auxiliary Ver + Subject + (verb)+ but সহ পরবর্তী অংশ? | Ass: Our life is nothing but a walking Int: Is our life anything but a walking shadow? Or, What is our life but a walking shadow? Ass: He bought nothing but an apple. Int: Did he buy anything but an apple? Or, What did he buy but an apple |
| 9. | Never | Never স্থানে Ever বসিয়ে বাক্যটি Affirmative Interrogative করতে হয়। | Ass: I never drink tea. Int: Do I ever drink tea? |
Exclamatory to Assertive
| No. | Exclamatory | Assertive | Examples |
| 1. | How/ What (verb) যুক্ত) | Sub + Verb + a/an (যদি থাকে) + very/great adj + বাকি অংশ | Exc: What a nice bird it is! Ass It is a very nice bird. Exc: How nice the bird is! Ass The bird is very nice. |
| 2. | How/What (verb বিহীন | It is + a/an (যদি থাকে) + very/great+ বাকি অংশ বসে | Exc: What a pity! Ass: It is a great pity Exc: How nice to meet you! Ass: It is very nice to meet you. |
| 3. | Hurrah/Alas/Fie etc | Hurrah স্থানে It is a matter of joy that বা sub+ rejoice that, Alas স্থানে It is a matter of sorrow that এবং Fic স্থানে It is a matter of shame that + বাকী অংশ বসে | Exc: Hurrah! we have won the game, Ass: It is a matter of joy that/we rejoice that we have won the game. Exc: Alas! I am undone. Ass: It is a matter of sorrow that I am undone. |
| 4. | If/Would that | Subject + wish + পুনরায় subject হতে শেষ পর্যন্ত। | Exc:If I were a child again! Ass:I wish I were a child again. Exe:Would that I could be a bird! Ass:I wish I could be a bird. |
| 5. | Had | Subject + wish + পুনরায় Subject + had + subject-এর পরবর্তী অংশ বসে। | Exc: Had I the wings of a bird! Ass I wish I had the wings of a bird Exc: Had I been a millionaire! Ass I wish I had been a millionaire |
Assertive to Exclamatory
| No. | Assertive | Exclamatory | Examples |
| 1. | Adjective or Adverb দ্বারা শেষ হলে | How + adj/adv + subject + verb +! | Ass The scenery of Cox’s Bazar is very beautiful Exc: How beautiful the scenery of Cox’s Bazar is! |
| 2. | Noun দ্বারা শেষ হলে | What + a/an+ শেষোক্ত Noun বা object অংশ+ Subject অংশ + ! (Excl. Sentence- এ very/great বসে না) | Ass: The Taj is a very magnificent building. Exc: What a magnificent building the Taj is! Ass: Nishat is a very charming girl. Exc: What a charming girl Nishat is! |
| 3. | I wish I were/1 wish I could/1 wish I had থাকলে | I wish I were Or I wish I could- এর পরিবর্তে If/ Would that + দ্বিতীয় subject হতে শেষ পর্যন্ত+ । এবং I wish I had এর পরিবর্তে Had+ দ্বিতীয় subject + Had পরবর্তী অংশ থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত + ! | Ass I wish I were a child again. Exc: If/Would that I were a child again! Ass I wish I had the wings of a bird. Exe: Had I the wings of a bird! Ass: I wish I could visit this place. Exe: If I could visit this place! |
| 4. | It is a matter of joy that/sorrow that/shame that বা It is rejoice that/ regret that /shamful that থাকলে | It is a matter of joy that এবং rejoice that স্থানে Hurrah, It is a matter of sorrow that এবং regret that স্থানে Alas, এবং Shame এবং It is a matter of shame that স্থলে Fic বসে++ that পরবর্তী অংশ + fullstop (.) বসে। | Ass: We rejoice that / It is a matter of joy that we have won the game. Exc:Hurrah! we have won the game. Ass: It is a matter of sorrow / He regrets that he is undone. Exc: Alas! he is undone. |
Assertive Imperative (Vica Versa)
| NO. | Exclamatory | Assertive | Examples |
| 1. | Subject you s বাক্যটি Affirmative হলে | Principal verb (মূল ক্রিয়া)- এর Present form প্রদত্ত verb-এর পরের অংশ। (শিষ্টতা/অদ্রতা প্রকাশে Imperative sentence এর প্রথমে বা শেষে please/kindly বসে। | Ass You should speak the truth. Imp: Speak the truth. Ass You read the book. Imp: Please/kindly read the book. Or, Read the book please/kindly |
| 2. | Subject ‘you’s বাক্যটি negative হলে | Do not + Don’t + মূল verb-এর Present form + পরবর্তী অংশ। | Ass: You should not go out. Imp: Don’t/Do not go out. Ass You should not disobey your parents Imp: Do not/ Don’t disobey your parents |
| 3. | Subject ‘you’ ও never থাকলে | প্রদত্ত Never মূল verb এর Present form পরবর্তী অংশ। | Ass: You should never disobey your olders. Imp: Never disobey your olders. Ass: You should never smoke again. Imp: Never smoke again. |
| 4. | Subject first/Third person হলে (Negative /Affirmative | Let + প্রদত্ত Subject টি Pronoun হলে objective রূপ এবং Noun হলে noun রূপটি মূল Verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত। (Negative করার প্রয়োজন হলে Noun Subject এর পূর্বে not এবং Pronoun Subject এর পরে not ব্যবহৃত হয়। | Ass : We should go out. Imp: Let us / Let’s go out. Ass: Nabil does not tell a lie. Imp: Let not Nabil tell a lie. Ass He does not play football Imp: Let him not play football. |
Active and Passive Voice (Vice Versa)
Active Voice-কে Passive Voice এ পরিণত করার সাধারণ নিয়মাবলীঃ
- বাক্যের অর্থ অনুযায়ী রূপ নির্ধারণ করতে হবে। অর্থাৎ বাকাটি Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Affirmative না Negative তা নির্ণয় করতে হবে।।
- মূল ক্রিয়াকে কী বা কাকে বা কাদেরকে দ্বার প্রশ্ন করে object বা কর্ম নির্ধারণ করতে হবে।
- বাক্যে দুই রকম object থাকতে পারে। অর্থাৎ মূল ক্রিয়াকে কী দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যাবে তা Direct Object (মুখ্য কর্ম) এবং কাকে দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যাবে তা Indirect Object (গৌণ কর্ম)।
- একই বাক্যে দুটি object থাকলে অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই Indirect Object-কেই Passive form-এ subject হিসেবে নিতে হয়। তবে কোনো কোনো ক্ষেত্রে Indirect Object এর পূর্বে Preposition থাকলে Direct Object-কে Passive Voice- এ subject হিসেবে নিতে হবে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Passive Auxiliary নিতে হবে।
- মূল ক্রিয়ার Past Participle form হবে এবং সংশ্লিষ্ট Preposition Group Verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে তা সাথেই বসবে।
- Active Voice এর subject, Passive Voice এ object- এ পরিণত করে তার পূর্বে by বসাতে হবে এবং Passive Voice- এর object, Active Voice-a subject-এ পরিণত হবে।
Active Voice-এর Subjective Case Passive Voice- এর Objective Case- এ পরিবর্তন করার তালিকা:
| Subject | Object |
| I We You He She They It Noun(যেমন-Nadim,Sadia) | me us you him her them it Noun[Nadim(him),Sadia(her) |
Tense মোতাবেক Passive Auxiliary- এর একটি তালিকাঃ
| Tense | Active Auxiliary | Passive Auxiliary |
| 1. Present Indefinite | do/does | am/is/are |
| 2. Present Continuous | am/is/are | am being is being/are being |
| 3. Present Perfect | have/has | have been/has been |
| 4. Past Indefinite | did | was/were |
| 5. Past Continuous | was/were | was being/were being |
| 6. Past Perfect | had | had been |
| 7. Future Indefinite | shall/will | shall be will be |
| 8. Future Continuous | shall be/will be | shall be being/will be being |
| 9. Future Perfect | shall have/ will have | shall have been/will have been |
| 10. Modal Auxiliary others Verbs | can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought to, will, would, must, going to, need, dare, let etc. | এগুলোর পর Indefinite- এ ‘be’ Continuous এ ‘being’ এবং perfect- এ ‘been’ ব্যবহৃত হবে। |
Note: Perfect Continuous Tense- গুলোর Passive গঠন করা গেলেও এরূপ Passive Voice- এর Sentence- এর ব্যবহার তাই Auxiliary Verb-এর তালিকায় সেগুলো দেখানো হয়নি।
Statement/Assertive Sentence
| No. | Active | Passive | Examples |
| 1. | Indefinite Tense Present Indefinite Tense/Past Indefinite Tense / Future Indefinite Tense | Auxiliary Verb স্থানে Tense ও Subject ভিত্তিক পরবর্তী Continuous tense এর auxiliary verb ব্যবহৃত হয়। অর্থাৎ Present Indefinite এ am/ is/are, Past Indefinite-was/were এবং Future Indefinite shall be / will be ব্যবহৃত হবে। | Act:I love my mother. (Pres. Ind.) Pas: My mother is loved by me. Act: He wrote a letter. (Past Ind. Pas: A letter was written by him |
| 2. | Continuous Tense Present Continuous Past Continuous s Future Continuous | Auxiliary Verb স্থানে Tense ও Subject ভিত্তিক নিজস্ব Auxiliary Verb এরপর অতিরিক্ত ‘being’ বসাতে হয়। | Act:I am playing football. (Pre. Cont Pas: ootball is being played by me. Act: Nasima was cooking rice. (Past cont) Pas: Rice was being cooked by asima |
| 3. | Perfect Tense Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense ও Future Perfect Tense | Auxiliary Verb স্থানে Tense ও Subject ভিত্তিক নিজস্ব Auxiliary Verb এরপর অতিরিক্ত ‘been’ বসাতে হয়। | Act We have solved the problem. (Pres Perf) Pas: The problem has been solved by us. Act: She will have sung a sweet song (Future Perfect Tense) Pas: A sweet song will have been sung by her. |
| 4. | Modal Auxiliary (Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, need, dare etc. | Auxiliary verb স্থানে এগুলোর সাথে অতিরিক্ত Indefinite- be, continuous-being এবং perfect এ been ব্যবহৃত হয়। | Act:I can do the sum. (Indefinite) Pas:The sum can be done by me. Act: You should be reading your leson. (Continuous) Pas: Your lesson should be being read by ou. Act: You should have done the work. Pas: The workshould have been done by you. |
| 5. | Am to/is to/ are to/ was to/ has to have to/had to/going to + মূল verb যুক্ত বাক্য | Am to/is to/ are to/ was to/ has to have to/had to/ going to এর পরে be + verb-এর Past participle যোগে Passive voice- এর verb গঠিত হয়। | Act: I am to do it. Pas It is to be done by me. Act: He has to dig the canal. Pas: The canal has to be dug by him. |
Question/Interrogative Sentence
| No. | Active | Passive | Examples |
| 1. | Auxiliary/Modal Verb দ্বারা শুরু। (Do, Does, did, aim, is, are, was, were, shall, will, have, has, had, should, would, could, ought to etc | Tense, Subject e auxiliary verb ব্যবহারের নিয়মানুসারে Auxiliary+ object present verb এর Past participle form by, বা উপযুক্ত preposition + subject এর object form+? (দুই বা তিন শব্দ বিশিষ্ট Auxiliary verb- এর শুধুমাত্র মূল form টি subject এর পূর্বে এবং বাকি অংশ subject এর পরে বসে।) | Act: Does he read the book? Pas: Is the book read by him? Act: Have you done your work? Pas:Has your work been done by you? Act:Will they have finished their work? Pas: Will their work have been finished by them? |
| 2. | Wh-words (when, why, how, where, what, which) দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু | Wh-word-টি passive voice এ সম্পূর্ণ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং তারপর auxiliary verb দিয়ে শুরু Interrogative বাক্যের ন্যায় Active Voice থেকে passive voice-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়। | Act: When do you watch television? Pas:When is television watched by you? Act: How has he done the work? Pas: How has the work been done by him? |
| 3. | What যখন Subject | What এর পূর্বে by ব্যবহৃত হয় | Act: What makes you laugh? Pas: By what are you made to laugh? |
| 4. | Whom যুক্ত বাক্য | Whom- এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে who বসে+ Tense voice এর নিয়মানুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে+ মূল verb এর past participal বসে+ by বসে+ subject এর objective form বসে+ প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসে। | Act: Whom is she teaching English? Pas: Who is being taught English by er? Act: Whom does he look for? Pas: Who is looked for by him? |
| 5. | Who subject s object রূপে ব্যবহৃত হলে | Who যদি subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে passive voice এ who পরিবর্তিত হয়ে by whom হয়। কিন্তু who যদি object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে passive voice এ who এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। এরপর Interrogative sentence কে Passive voice রূপান্তরের সাধারণ নিয়মাবলী অনুসরণ করতে হয় | Act: Who opened the door? (Who এখানে subject) Pas: By whom was the door opened? Act: Who has he called? (Who এখানে bject) Pas:Who has been called by him? |
Imperative Sentence
| No. | Active | Passive | Examples |
| 1. | Principal verb/ don’t বা do not s Never যুক্ত বাক্য | Principal verb যারা শুরু এর ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে Let + object অংশ + be + Principal verb এর Past participle. [Don’t / Do not যারা শুরু হলে Let এর পর not, Never এর ক্ষেত্রে Let এর পর not never (Subject noun হলে পূর্বে not এবং pronoun হলে পরে not) বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। উল্লেখ্য যে, Never এর ক্ষেত্রে not ever এর পরিবর্তে never- ও রাখা যায়)] | Act: Pen through the lines. Pas:Let the lines be penned through. Act Don’t Do not waste your time. Pas: Let not your time be wasted. Act: Don’t call him. Pas: Let him not be called. Act: Never mock at the poor. Pas: Let not the poor ever be mocked Or, Let the poor never be mocked at |
| 2. | Let যুক্ত বাক্য | Let + Principal verb পরবর্তী object (Direct object) + be + Principal verb এর Past Participle+by+let পরবর্তী object টি (Indirect object) | Act: Let the boy do the work. Pas: Let the work be done by the boy. Act: Let us help the poor. Pas: Let the poor he helped by us. |
| 3. | প্রথমে Please/ Kindly ব্যবহৃত হলে | Sentence- এর প্রথমে You are requested to ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং Please kindly এর পরবর্তী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রূপে। বসে। | Act: Please post the letter. Pas: You are requested to post the letter. Act: Kindly don’t smoke. Pas: You are requested not to smoke. Act:lease, let him go. Pas: You are requested to let him go. |
| 4. | মূল verb এর পরে। যথাক্রমে indirect (ব্যক্তিবাচক) ও direct object (বস্তুবাচক) থাকলে | Let direct object + be + Principal verb এর Past participle + for+Indirect object | Act: Make her a dress. Pas:Let a dress be made for her. Act:Pluck me a flower. Pas: Let a flower be plucked for me. |
| 5. | Going to যুক্ত বাক্য | Principle verb পরবর্তী object অংশ + Auxiliary verb + going to + be + principal verb এর Past participle by + subject এর object form | Act: He is going to open a bank account. Pas: A bank account is going to be opened by him. |
| 6. | Subject ও দু’টি object যুক্তি sentence | যে কোনো একটি object-কে subject হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে active voice থেকে passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করা যায়। তবে ব্যক্তিবাচক object টি subject করাই শ্রেয়। | Act: He told me the decision. Pas: The decision was told to me by him. Or: I was told the decision by him. Act: Mr. Resan teaches us English. Pas: English is taught (to) us by Mr. Resan. Or: We are taught English by Mr. Resan. |
| 7. | Subject ও দুটি object এর মধ্যে একটির পূর্বে preposition যুক্ত বাক্য। | যে object- এর পূর্বে preposition রয়েছে সেটি ব্যতিরেকে অন্যটি Subject হিসেবে নিতে হয় | Act: I will pay you for the papers. Pas: You will be paid for the papers by me. Act: She bought for me many things Pas: Many things were bought for me by her |
| 8. | বাক্যে object না থাকলে | It কে subject হিসেবে গণ্য করতে হয় | Act: They say. Pas:It is said |
Exercise
1.
(a) Mother Teresa is an icon to many people. (Make it interrogative sentence)
(b) She is respected by everybody. (Make it active)
(c) She is one of the greatest persons of the world. (Make it positive)
(d) She was very kind to the needy and the ill-fated. (Make it negative)
(e) She believes that charity is a great virtue. (Make it compound sentence)
(f) Actually Mother Teresa was a noble hearted person. (Make it a complex sentence)
(g) Mother Teresa was a very passionate woman. (Make it an exclamatory sentence)
(h) She helped those who were helpless. (Make it a simple sentence)
(i) She set up “Nirmal Hridoy” at Kolkata. (Make it a compound sentence)
(j) Who does not know about the charity of Mother Teresa? (Make is assertive)
02.
(a) My friend invited me to pay a visit to Cox’s Bazar. (Make complex sentence)
(b) I was very glad. (Make negative sentence)
(c) I accepted the invitation. (Use passive voice)
(d) When I ( reached there , my friend received me cordially. (Make simple sentence)
(e) I was very excited to see the sea-beach. (Make exclamatory sentence)
(f) It is the largest sea-beach in the world. (Use positive degree)
(g) It is one of the most beautiful sea-beaches in the world. (Use comparative degree)
(h) It is called the pleasure seekers’ paradise. (Use active voice)
(i) Every year a lot of people come to visit it. (Make compound sentence)
(j) If I could visit the sea-beach! (Make assertive sentence)
03.
(a) We are grateful to the freedom fighters. (Make it a negative sentence)
(b) Their contribution is greater than any other thing. (Make it positive)
(c) The freedom fighters who died in the liberation war are called martyrs. (Make it a compound sentence)
(d) The National Memorial has been built with a view to paying tribute to their memories. (Make it a complex sentence)
(e) A freedom fighter is the greatest son of the soil. (Make it comparative sentence)
(f) We got our independence for their sacrifice. (Make it an interrogative sentence)
(g) They fought bravely and snatched the red sun of independence. (Make it a simple sentence)
(h) Though their weapons were ordinary, they had much courage in their mind. (Make it a compound sentence)
(i) Their contribution will never be forgotten. (Affirmative)
(j) The government has taken some steps to improve their condition. (Passive)
04.
(a) Strategy is the most important thing in the examination. (Comparative)
(b) Any answer in the exam should not be elaborated. (Active) (
(c) When he gets the question paper he should read it carefully. (Simple)
(d) At first glance, the questions may seem difficult. (Negative)
(e) A student should attempt to answer all the questions to get good marks. (Complex)
(f) If an examinee answers all the questions, the examiner becomes glad to see that. (Simple)
(g) But, it is better than not answering at all. (Positive)
(h) It is really sensible. (Exclamatory)
(i) The examinee should not waste time by doing it. (Passive)
(j) Without following this process, you cannot bring a good result in an examination. (Compound)
05.
(a) Haji Mohammad Mohsin was more generous than any other man in this subcontinent. (Positive)
(b) He was born in Hoogly. (Complex)
(c) He inherited a vast property from his father and sister. (Interrogative)
(d) He did not misuse this wealth. (Passive)
(e) He is called a friend of humanity. (Active)
(f) He didn’t marry. (Affirmative)
(g) During his lifetime he spent money lavishly to help the poor. (Compound)
(h) He was very kind to the poor. (Negative)
(i) One night when he was saying his prayer, a thief broke into his room. (Simple)
(j) He caught the thief but didn’t punish him. (Complex)
06.
(a) Who does not want to succeed in life? (Assertive)
(b) It is not an easy thing. (Affirmative)
(c) Being industrious, everyone can prosper in life. (Negative)
(d) The idle always lag behind. (Complex)
(e) We must work hard so that we can earn money. (Simple)
(f) By working hard, we can improve our lot. (Compound)
(g) The light of prosperity can be seen by a hard working person. (Active)
(h) Women should work as much as men. (Comparative)
(i) We should remember that industry is the key to success. (Passive)
(j) An idle man leads a very miserable life. (Exclamatory)
07.
(a) We should read books to gain knowledge. (Make it a complex sentence)
(b) Books introduce us to the realm of knowledge. (Make it passive)
(c) The books of great writers contain noble thoughts and great ideas. (Make it an interrogative sentence)
(d) If we read books, we can enrich our minds. (Make it a simple sentence)
(e) Books are the greatest friends. (Make it positive)
(f) They give us both knowledge and pleasure. (Make it Negative)
(g) As they are our real friends, they remain with us in time of danger. (Make it a compound sentence)
(h) Some books are very interesting. (Make it an exclamatory sentence)
(i) We can build up a developed society by reading books. (Make it a complex sentence)
(j) Nothing but books can remove the darkness of ignorance. (Make it an affirmative sentence)
08.
(a) There was an old man in a village. (Interrogative)
(b) He was very poor but honest. (Complex)
(c) He was one of the best cap makers with palm leaves. (Positive) (
(d) He sold them in the neighbouring market. (Voice change)
(e) Earning money in this way, he thus maintained his family. (Compound)
(f) One day he could not but go to a market. (Affirmative)
(g) The market was far from his house. (Negative)
(h) He had a basket full of caps. (Complex)
(i) He was too tired to walk. (Compound)
(j)He sat under the tree and fell asleep. (Simple)
09.
(a) We should read books to acquire knowledge. (Make complex sentence)
(b) Books introduce us to the realm of knowledge. (Use passive voice)
(c) The books of great writers contain noble thoughts and great ideas. (Make interrogative sentence)
(d) By reading good books, we can enrich our mind. (Make compound sentence)
(e) Reading books is a very good habit. (Make exclamatory sentence)
(f) This habit is rarely disliked. (Affirmative)
(g) More and more books should be read. (Use active voice)
(h) No other thing is as interesting as reading books. (Use comparative degree)
(i) When we read good books, we discover new worlds. (Make simple sentence)
(j) Very few friends are as great as a good book. (Make superlative degree)
10.
(a) Once upon a time two friends were passing by a forest. (Make it complex sentence)
(b) They were talking about their love for each other. (Make it interrogative meaning)
(c) Suddenly they saw a bear which was coming towards them. (Make it simple sentence)
(d) The first friend climbed up a tree (Make it a complex sentence)
(e) The later could not climb up a tree. (Make it an affirmative sentence)
(f) He did not find any way. (Make it a passive voice)
(g) He lay down on the ground and feigned death. (Make it a simple sentence)
(h) The bear smelt his ears, nose and face. (Use passive voice)
(i) He was thought to be dead. (Make it a complex sentence)
(j) The bear went away and he escaped himself. (Make it a complex sentence)
11.
(a) William Wordsworth is one of the best well-known poets in English literature. (Positive)
(b) He was the second of his father’s five sons. (Negative)
(c) He was born at Cumberland on April 4, 1770. (Complex)
(d) When he was eight years old, his mother died. (Simple)
(e) At the same year he was sent to the Grammar School of Hawkshead for education (Compound)
(f) He was only 13 years old when his father died. (Interrogative)
(g) Fundamental education had been given to him at the school. (Active)
(h) The education that he learnt from this institution played better role in his life. (Simple)
(i) The readers called for a new edition of his famous book “The Lyrical Ballads” in 1800. (Passive)
(j) This book brought a huge name and fame in his life. (Exclamatory)
Solutions to Changing Sentences
(a) Isn’t Mother Teresa an icon to many people?
(b) Everybody respects her.
(c) Very few persons of the world are so great as she.
(d) She was not at all unkind to the needy and the ill-fated.
(e) Charity is a great virtue and she believes it.
(f) There is no denying of the fact that Mother Teresa was a noble hearted person.
(g) What a passionate woman Mother Teresa was!
(h) She helped the helpless.
(i) She set up “Nirmal Hridoy” and it was at Kolkata
(j) Everybody knows about the charity of Mother Teresa
(a) My friend invited me so that I could pay a visit to Cox’s Bazar
(b) I was not unhappy/ sad at all
(c) The invitation was accepted by me.
(d) On my reaching there, my friend received me cordially.
(e) How excited I was to see the sea-beach!
(f) No other sea-beach in the world is so large as it.
(g) It is more beautiful than most other sea-beaches in the world.
(h) People call it the pleasure seekers’ paradise.
(i) Every year a lot of people come and visit it.
(j) I wish I could visit the sea-beach.
03.
(a) We are not ungrateful to the freedom fighters.
(b) No other thing is as great as their contribution.
(c) The freedom fighters died in the liberation war and they are called martyrs.
(d) The National Memorial has been built so that we can pay tribute to their memories.
(e) A freedom fighter is greater than any other son of the soil.
(f) Didn’t we get our independence for their sacrifice?
(g) Fighting bravely they snatched the red sun of independence.
(h) Their weapons were ordinary but they had much courage in their mind.
(i) Their contribution will always be remembered.
(j) Some steps have been taken to improve their condition by the government.
04.
(a) Strategy is more important than any other thing in the examination.
(b) The examinee should not claborate any answer in the exam.
(c) Getting the question paper he should read it carefully.
(d) At first glance, the questions may not seem easy.
(e) A student should attempt to answer all the questions so that he may get good marks.
(f) The examiner becomes glad to see an examinee answering all the questions.
(g) Not answering at all is not so good as it.
(h) How sensible it is!
(i) Time should not be wasted by the examinee by doing it.
(j) Follow this process or you cannot bring a good result in an examination.
05.
(a) No other man in this subcontinent was as generous as Haji Mohammad Mohsin.
(b) It was Hoogly where he was born.
(c) Didn’t he inherit a vast property from his father and sister?
(d) This wealth was not misused by him.
(e) People call him a friend of humanity.
(f) He was unmarried/ bachelor.
(g) During his lifetime he spent money lavishly and helped the poor.
(h) He was not unkind/ rude to the poor.
(i) One night a thief broke into his room at the time of his prayer.
(j) Though he caught the thief, he didn’t punish him.
06.
(a) Everybody wants to succeed in life.
(b) It is a difficult thing.
(c) Without being industrious, no one can prosper in life.
(d) The people who are idle always lag behind. (e) We must work hard to earn money.
(f) We work hard and can improve our lot.
(g) A hard working person can see the light of prosperity.
( h) Women should not work less than men.
(i) That industry is the key to success should be remembered by us.
(j) What a miserable life an idle man leads!
07.
(a) We should read books so that we can/ may gain knowledge.
(b) We are introduced to the realm of knowledge by books.
(c) Don’t the books of great writers contain noble thoughts and great ideas?
(d) By reading books we can enrich our minds.
(e) No other friends are as great as books.
(f) They give us not only knowledge but also pleasure.
(g) They are our real friends and they remain with us in time of danger.
(h) How interesting some books are!
(i) If we read books, we can build up a developed society.
(j) Only books can remove the darkness of ignorance.
08.
(a) Wasn’t there an old man in a village?
(b) Though he was very poor, he was honest.
(c) Very few cap makers with palm leaves were so good as he.
(d) They were sold in the neighbouring market by him.
(e) He earned money in this way and thus he maintained his family.
(f) One day he had to go to a market.
(g) The market was not close to his house.
(h) He had a basket which was full of caps.
(i) He was very tired and could not walk.
(j) Sitting under the tree he fell asleep.
09.
(a) We should read books so that we can acquire knowledge.
(b) We are introduced to the realm of knowledge by books.
(c) Don’t the books of great writers contain noble thoughts and great ideas?
(d) We can read good books and enrich our mind.
(e) What a good habit reading books is!
(f) This habit is always liked.
(g) We should read more and more books.
(h) Reading books is more interesting than any other thing.
(i) By reading good books, we discover new worlds.
(j) A good book is one of the greatest friends.
(a) Once upon a time two friends were passing by a place that/which was a forest.
(b) Weren’t they talking about their love for each other?
(c) Suddenly they saw a bear coming towards them.
(d) It is the first friend who climbed up a tree.
(e) The later failed to climb up a tree.
(f) No way was found by him.
(g) Lying down on the ground, he feigned death.
(h) His ears, nose and face were smelt by the bear.
(i) The bear thought that he was dead.
(j) As soon as the bear went away, he escaped himself.
(a) Very few well known poets in English literature are so good as William Wordsworth.
(b) He was none but the second of his father’s five sons.
(c) It was Cumberland where he was born on April 4, 1770./It was April 4, 1770. when he was born at Cumberland.
(d) His mother died at his eight.
(e) It was at the same year and he was sent to the Grammar School of Hawkshead for education.
(f) How old was he when his father died?
(g) The school had given him fundamental education.
(h) The education learnt from this institution played better role in his life.
(i) A new edition of his famous book “The Lyrical Ballads” was called for by the readers in 1800.
(j) What a name and fame this book brought in his life!
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