Adjective or Degree | CHAPTER – 12 | Communicative English for Nurses

Adjective or Degree – The course is designed to develop communication skills in English and computer and information technology (ICT) of the learners. Communicative English includes the basic grammatical structures of English and basic semantics, basic reading and listening techniques for constructing informal writings; reading selected English literature; listening to selected English media; use of expressions for easy communication in daily life such as exchanging information, greeting, shopping, application, past, present & future activities, liking & disliking etc; giving English oral presentations; and writing formal letters and essays.

Study and practice in reading and writing on related topics from nursing textbooks/journals/magazines & note taking, referencing; improvement of reading and writing abilities with emphasis on review of vocabularies, sentence structure, organization, development of oral presentation; developing writing skills Business letters, application & CV; report writing, editing, proof reading, translation and professional writings-meeting minutes; improvement of speaking and listening abilities with establishing communication and making arguments.

Computer and information technology is designed for understanding of using computer and information technology; it applications in nursing field; application programs for Microsoft Word processing, Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations, Networking and Communication through internet and World Wide Web applications.

Adjective or Degree

Adjective-এর তিন প্রকার তারতম্য হয়ে থাকে। নিচের ছবিগুলো এবং তার পাশে লেখা বাক্যগুলো দেখ।

Robi is fat

Tom is fatter than Robi

John is the fattest boy

• Positive (তুলনাহীন অবস্থা):
  প্রথম ছবিটিতে দেখা যাচ্ছে রবি নামের একটি মোটা বালক। তাকে এখানে কারো সাথে তুলনা করা হয়নি। তাই adjective টির মূল form লেখা হয়েছে fat যাকে ইংরেজিতে positive degree বলা হয়।
• Comparative (দু’য়ের মধ্যে তুলনামূলক অবস্থা):
  দ্বিতীয় ছবিটিতে দুটি বালকের ছবি রয়েছে। এখানে রবি মোটা এবং টম তার চেয়েও মোটা। তাই এখানে দুজনের মধ্যে তুলনা করার জন্য adjective টির ২য় form লেখা হয়েছে fatter যাকে ইংরেজিতে comparative degree বলা হয়।
• Superlative (দু’য়ের অধিকের মধ্যে তুলনামূলক অবস্থা):
  তৃতীয় ছবিটিতে তিনটি বালকের ছবি রয়েছে। এই তিনজনের মধ্যে জন সবচেয়ে বেশি মোটা। আর এটা বোঝানোর জন্য adjective টির ৩য় form লেখা হয়েছে fattest যাকে ইংরেজিতে superlative degree বলা হয়।

Adjective-এর Degree পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:

A. উচ্চারণের সময় যদি এক স্বরবর্ণ থাকে বা দুই স্বরবর্ণ বিশিষ্ট Adjective-এর শেষে le, y, er, ure, ow থাকলে বা negative un-যুক্ত Adjective হলে, ঐ Adjective-এর শেষে er যোগে Comparative এবং est যোগে Superlative করতে হয়।

উল্লেখ্য, es, ing, ed-এগুলোর মত er, est-কে ইংরেজিতে suffix বলে এবং এগুলো কোনো শব্দের শেষে যোগ করলে অনেক সময় মূল শব্দের বানানে পরিবর্তন আসে।

(a) কোনো শব্দের শেষ তিন letter যথাক্রমে Consonant, Vowel, Consonant (CVC) হলে মূল শব্দের শেষের letter-টি double হয়।

(b) কোনো শব্দের শেষে এবং তার পর্বে Consonant থাকলে বাদ দিতে হয়।

(c) কোনো শব্দের শেষে y এবং তার পূর্বে Consonant থাকলে y এর পরিবর্তে বসবে

B . উচ্চারণের সময় যদি দুই বা দুই-এর অধিক স্বরবর্ণ থাকে তবে Adjective-এর পর্বে more যোগে Comparative এবং most যোগে Superlative করতে হয়।

C. কতগুলো Adjective/ Adverb-এর ক্ষেত্রে নির্দিষ্ট কোনো নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা হয় না। যেমন:

Practice

6.34. Write the comparative and superlative degree of the following Adjectives. red, brave, gentle, true, nice, easy, happy, merry, cunning, important, interesting, holy, clumsy, pure, pleasant, sad, fit, useful, intelligent, precious.

Rule-1: কিছু Word যেমন exterior, interior, ulterior, major, minor-এগুলো latin comparative হলেও ইংরেজিতে positive হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। তবে superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, posterior- এগুলো ইংরেজিতে Comparative হিসাবেই ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং এর পর than না বসে to বসে।
Example:
(i) He is senior to (than)-me.
(ii) I am junior to him.
(iii) He is superior to all.

Rule-2: দুইটি বস্তুর মধ্যে একটির চেয়ে অন্যটি বেশি পছন্দের বুঝাতে prefer-এর পর than না বসে to বসে এবং এর পর Verb থাকলে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়। অন্যথায় Noun বসে।
Example:
(i) He prefers singing to (than) dancing.
(ii) My brother prefers tea to coffee.
(iii) She prefers writing to reading.
(vi) He prefers playing cricket to playing football.

Rule- 3 : সমানুপাতিক হ্রাস/ বৃদ্ধি প্রকাশ করতে the + comparative, the + comparative ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Example:
(i) The more you read, the more you learn. (যতই পড়বে ততই শিখবে)
(ii) The sooner, the better. যেত তাড়াতাড়ি হয় তত ভালো)
(iii) The earlier, the better.
(iv) The more, the merrier.

Rule-4: ক্রমান্বয়ে হ্রাস/ বৃদ্ধি হচ্ছে তা প্রকাশ করতে comparative + and + comparative ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং এক্ষেত্রে Continuous tense ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Example:
(i) He is getting busier and busier.
(ii) The weather is getting hotter and hotter day by day.
(iii) The child is growing thinner and thinner.
(iv) The boy is growing fatter and fatter day by day.

Rule-5: No other, of any + noun এর পর Singular বা Plural form + adjective এর positive form বসে।
Example:
(i) No other boy in the class is as clever as he.
(ii) No other girl in the class is as beautiful as Maliha.

Rule-6: Very few এরপর noun ও verb-এর plural form এবং adjective এর positive form বসে।
Example:
(i) Very few events are as popular as Olympic Games.
(ii) Very few exercises are as effective as walking.

Rule-7: Than any other/ Than এর পূর্বে adjective এর comparative form এবং পরে singular noun বসে।
Example:
(i) The monkey is funnier than any other animal.
(ii) A tortoise is slower than a hare.

Rule-8: Than all other/ than most other/ than many other এর পর্বে adjective এর comparative form এবং পরে plural noun বসে।
Example:
(i) Pizza is more favourite than most other foods to me.
(ii) You are more talented than many other boys.

Rule-9: The/One of the এর পরে adjective এর superlative form বসে। One of the এর পরে pluralit noun/pronoun কিন্তু verb singular ব্যবহত হয়।
Example:
(i) The hospital has the best equipment.
(ii)This was one of the toughest rounds in the competition.

Rule-10: As….. as/ So… এবং too…….to এর মাঝে adjective এর positive form বসে।
Example:
(i) In England, cricket is as popular as football.
(ii) You are as meritorious as your brother.

Rules of Changing Degree in Details

Comparative and Superlative to Positive

Comparative এবং Superlative কে Positive করার নিয়ম:

Structure: No other / Very few প্রথমে বসবে+ ২য় NP বসবে + verb + as + adjective-টির positive form + as + ১ম NP বসবে।

• most other/ few other/ one of-থাকলে Very few বসবে অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে No other বসবে the বা than থাকলে তা বাদ যাবে

Example:

(i) Della is the best housewife. (Positive)
Ans: No other housewife is as good as Della.

(ii) They are the most couregeous sons of our nations. (Positive)
Ans: No other sons of our nations are as couregeous as they.

(ii) Rumi is greater than any other girl in the class. (Positive)
Ans: No other girl in the class is as great as Rumi.

( iv) The cow is more useful than most other animals. (Positive)
Ans: Very few animals are as useful as the cow.

(v) It is one of the most important elements of all living beings. (Positive)

Ans: Very few elements of all living beings are as important as it.

শুধু Than-যুক্ত comparative sentence-কে positive করার নিয়ম:

Structure: ২য় NP বসবে+ verb + adjective-f adjective-টির পরে than থাকলে তা বাদ যাবে এবং উভয় পাশে। as বসবে + ১ম NP বসবে। (sentence-টি negative থাকলে affirmative এবং affirmative থাকলে। থাকলে negative করতে করতে হবে। Less – than-যুক্ত থাকলে ২য় NP প্রথমে বা ১ম NP শেষে আনতে হবে না।)

Example:
(i) A frugal man is happier than a prodigal man. (Positive) [DB17]
Ans: A prodigal man is not as happy as a frugal man.

ii) He is no less strong than I. (Positive)
Ans: He is as strong as I.

iii) I am as brave as he. (Positive)
Ans: He is no less brave than I.

Practice

A. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Superlative to Positive) (a) He was one of the most devoted sons. (b) It is one of the most important things in mundane
life. (c) Poverty is the most undesirable condition in a person’s life. (d) Toronto is one of the most expensive cities of the world.

(e) Macbeth is one of the greatest tragedies of Shakespeare. (f) He was the greatest emperor India has ever seen. (g). The fox is the most cunning of all animals. (h) The cow is the most popular and useful domestic animal in Bangladesh. (i) It is one of the biggest mangrove forests in the world. (j) Science is one of the best sources of leading a comfortable life in modern world.

B. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Comparative to Positive)
(a) A lion is not braver than he. (b) You are older than I. (c) Prevention is better than cure. (d) I guess her hands are bigger than yours. (e) A train runs faster than a bus. (1) An aeroplane flies faster than a bird. (g) She is less ugly than you said. (h) Imran Khan is greater than most other cricketers. (i) He is not less intelligent than any other boy. (j) Her face was not less radiant than the full moon.

C. Transform the following sentences into Positive:
(a) The rose is the best of all flowers. (b) Books are the greatest friends. (c) Poverty is the greatest problem in our country. (d) A healthy poor man is happier than a sick moneyed man  Corruption is the most dangerous weapon to destroy a society. (f) Their sacrifice is greater than any other thing. (g) It was one of the most memorable journeys in my life. (h) Books are men’s best companions in life. (i) Bangladesh is not the poorest country in the world. (j) Of the hotels, Raffle is one of the finest.

Positive and Superlative to Comparative

Positive এবং Superlative কে Comparative-এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:

Structure : ২য় NP + verb + adjective-টির comparative + than + most other বা বা all other/ any other + ১ম NP বসবে।

Remember:

• one of/ very few থাকলে most other বসবে অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে অর্থাৎ no other বা শুধু the/of all থাকলে all other/ any other বসবে Superlative থেকে Comparative করার সময় ২য় N/P প্রথমে বা ১ম N/P শেষে আনতে হবে না।

Example:
i) Very few metals are as costly as gold. (Comparative)
Ans: Gold is costlier than most other metals.

ii) No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka. (Comparative)
Ans: Dhaka is bigger than any other city in Bangladesh

(iii) It is the most significant event in the history of Bangladesh. (Comparative) (RB17]
Ans: It is more significant than any other event in the history of Bangladesh.

(iv) Fahima is one of the tallest girls in the class. (Comparative)
Ans: Fahima is taller than most other girls in the class.

শুধু as – as-যুক্ত positive sentence-কে comparative করার নিয়ম:

Structure: ২য় NP + verb + adjective-এর comparative + as-as-এর পরিবর্তে than + ১ম NP. (sentence-টিম negative থাকলে affirmative এবং affirmative থাকলে negative করতে হবে। Less দিয়ে adjective-এর comparative করা হলে ২য় NP প্রথমে বা ১ম NP শেষে আনতে হবে না।)

Example:

(i) He is as tall as his brother. (Comparative)
Ans: His brother is not taller than he.
Or, He is not less tall than his brother.

(ii) I am as healthy as he. (Comparative)
Ans: He is not healthier/ less healthy than I

iii) As a poet, Nazrul was as great as Shelley. (Comparative)
Ans: As a poet, Shelley was not greater/ less great than Nazrul.

Practice

A. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Superlative to Comparative)
(a) Della was the best housewife. (b) Jerry is the best boy I have ever seen. (c) Iron is the most useful of all metals. (d) It burns the prettiest of any wood. (e) He is the noblest person I have ever found. (f) Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh. (g) This is one of the greatest pictures of the world. (h) The Magi were the wisest of all who give and receive gifts. (i) Chittagong is the biggest port in Bangladesh. (j) He is one of the wisest men in the village.

B. Transform the following sentences as directed. (Positive to Comparative) (a) No other food on the menu was so cheap as the mutton chop. (b) Very few metals are so
precious as gold. (c) A bird can not fly so fast as a plane. (d) I guess your hands are not so big as hers.

(e) Very few restaurants are so fashionable as Foyot’s. (f) A string of pearls was not so bright as her teeth. (g) Honesty is not as much as it. (h) She is not as ugly as you said. (i) Cure is not so good as prevention. (j) Your pen is not so fine as his.

C. Transform the following sentences into comparative.
(a) Mango is one of the sweetest fruits in the world. (b) It is one of the most famous schools in our district. (c) No other problem in Bangladesh is as great as illiteracy. (d) At present cricket is the most popular game in our country. (e) Very few countries in the world are as populous as it.

(f) The Padma is one of the biggest rivers in Bangladesh. (g) Truthfulness is the greatest of all virtues in a man. (h) Very few Mughal emperors were as pious as Akbar. (i) Durga Puja is the greatest of the Hindu festivals in Bangladesh. (j) Study is the most important duty of a student.

Positive and Comparative to Superlative

Positive এবং Comparative কে Superlative করার নিয়ম:

Structure: ২য় NP + verb + the বা one of the + adjective-টির superlative + ১ম NP
Remember

• most other/ few other/ very few-এর পরিবর্তে one of the বসবে অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে অর্থাৎ any other/all other/ no other থাকলে শুধু the বসবে Comparative থেকে Superlative করার সময় ২য় N/P প্রথমে বা ১ম N/P শেষে আনতে হবে না।

Example:

(i) No other girl in the class is as tall as Sabina. (Superlative)
Ans: Sabina is the tallest girl in the class

ii) Very few children are as sweet as Sweety. (Superlative)
Ans: Sweety is one of the sweetest children.

(iii) He is better than any other boy in the class. (Superlative)
Ans: He is the best boy in the class.

(iv) Dhaka is bigger than most other cities in Bangladesh. (Superlative)
Ans: Dhaka is one of the biggest cities in Bangladesh.

v) Akbar was greater than most other kings of India. (Superlative)
Ans: Akbar was one of the greatest kings of India

Comparative-এ all other থাকলে Superlative-এ of all বসে।

Example:
Feroza is more curious than all other women in the group.
Ans. Feroza is the most curious of all women in the group.

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• Communicative English for Nurses | Diploma in Nursing Science and Midwifery