Paragraph Writing – The course is designed to develop communication skills in English and computer and information technology (ICT) of the learners. Communicative English includes the basic grammatical structures of English and basic semantics, basic reading and listening techniques for constructing informal writings; reading selected English literature; listening to selected English media; use of expressions for easy communication in daily life such as exchanging information, greeting, shopping, application, past, present & future activities, liking & disliking etc; giving English oral presentations; and writing formal letters and essays.

Study and practice in reading and writing on related topics from nursing textbooks/journals/magazines & note taking, referencing; improvement of reading and writing abilities with emphasis on review of vocabularies, sentence structure, organization, development of oral presentation; developing writing skills Business letters, application & CV; report writing, editing, proof reading, translation and professional writings-meeting minutes; improvement of speaking and listening abilities with establishing communication and making arguments.

Computer and information technology is designed for understanding of using computer and information technology; it applications in nursing field; application programs for Microsoft Word processing, Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations, Networking and Communication through internet and World Wide Web applications.

Table of Contents

Paragraph Writing

Nursing as a Profession/Nursing as a Job

Nursing is a process within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nunas may be differentiated from other health care providers by these approaches to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Nurses practise in many specialists with differing levels of prescriber authority Many narus provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional mir hat shaped the public image of nurses as care providers. However, nurses are permitted by most jurisdictions to practise independently in a variety of settings depending on training level. In the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialised credentials, and many of the traditional repalations and provider roles are changing. Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient’s family and other team members, that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life. Nunes may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of an interdisciplinary health care team such as therapists, medical practitioners and dietitians. Nurses provide care both interdependently, for example, with physicians, and independently as nursing professionals.

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) laid the foundation of modern nursing. She made outstanding contributions to public health. She is popularly known as “The Lady with the Lamp She was born mto a rich family Floroner rejected marriage as well as a luxurious life. Florence Nightingale is famous for her nursing work during the Crimean War (1834 561. Florence was very dedicated to her job. She would often vait the snidlers at night when everyone was asleep just to make sure they were ok. She was then referred to as “The Lady of the Lamp because she hardly took time off to sleep Florence became a truc hero to the soldiers and everyone hack home in England. Florence restored order and cleanliness in the hospital. She wrote a note on the army medical and hospital administration. Florence Nightingale is known for her reforma in the British hospitals. In 1860, she established the Nightingale School for Nurses in London. She considered her patients as her children. Florence became blind in 1901. She received the Order of Ment from the King in 1907. Florence Nightingale has inspired and will always aspire the people of the world.

Importance of English in Nursing Profession/Necessity of Learning English for Nurses

In general, the most popular language is English. In this computer age, English is the only language that anyone can understand. It is clear that the English language has become more dominant around the world. There is no doubt that English is the language of communication between the people with different cultures.Considering the importance of English, It is a proper language that is easily understandable and it is absolutely necessary for all those reports and patient care form one would be filling out. If a disease process is well defined, it is much easier to begin an effective therapy. In the nursing profession, improving one’s English language is very essential in enhancing one’s communication skills. Communication serves as the ultimate heart and soul of every human experience. An effective form of communicating with people is a combination of developing your speaking, writing and listening skills. Improving grammatical skills in speaking and writing in the English language is an advantage when one is going to apply for a job in other countries. One must keep into consideration that a lot of international employees easily get lured from renowned hospitals and health care systems worldwide because of their highly improved grammar in speaking and writing English.

Importance of Patience for Nurses

Although becoming a nurse is very rewarding, because it’s such an important job he/she is bound to run into stressful situations every now and then. Whether it’s a lack of sleep, a doctor being short-tempered or a patient complaining, hershe (nurse) can reduce his/her stress level by cultivating their ability to be patient Partner heipe in any situation. In medical care, nurses are asked to be doing more and more with less and less. Keeping a cool head on them shoulders and having compassum is clearly something that helps. It helps create answers and solutions and it helps the body physiologically “Yet in a high-stakes environment like at hospital, sometimes it can be difficult to maintain a calm demeanour when things get out of hand. This is paricale e when a patient se displaying challenging behaviour because patient care w central to the job of anurag happen for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the patient is experiencing psychiatric trauma, is ma great deal un or under the influence of drugs. The first thing murves need to do is take a deep breath and ity not take anything personally

Blood Donation

Blood donation is a humanitarian Act. It is one of the noblest and greatest donation a man can make. In the books of medical science it is written that the lifespan of a red blood cell is only 120 days. So, a person can donate blood every 4 months without causing any problem to his/her health. Donation of blood improves the health status of the person because his beer donation makes a positive impact on the production of new blood cells. So, if person who is healthy and weighs over 50kg can easily donate blood and help the patients to be cured. Blood donation program is still at the primary stage in our country. But it in a matter of great regret that each year a good number of people die due to lack of fresh and pure blood. It occurs only for lack of motivation. So, everyone should donate blood whenever a person needs it. The slogan of today’s chotila is “please donate blood and help others save their lives.” Blood donation is a great necessity. But nowadays people with a bad intention are using blood in an ill way. Steps should be taken to encourage people so that they feel motivated to donate blood to save many lives.

Blood Bank

A place where blood a collected from donon, typed, separated into components, stored, and prepared for transfusion to recipients. A blood bank may be a separate free-standing facility or part of a larger laboratory in a hospital. Typically, cach donated unit of blood (whole blood) is separated into multiple components. such as red blood cells, plasma and platelets. Each component is generally transfused to a different individual, each with different needs. An increasingly common blood hank procedure is apheresis, or the process of removing a specific component of the blood, such as platelets, and returning the remaining components, such as red blood cells and plasma, to the donor. This process allows more of one particular part of the blood to be collected than could be separated from a unit of stole blood. Apheresis is also performed to collect plasma (the liquid part of the blood) and granulocytes (white blood cells) Accident victims, people undergoing surgery and patients receiving treatment for leukemia, cancer or other diseases such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia, all utilize blood. Patients scheduled for surgery may be eligible to donate blood for themselves, a process known as autologous blood donation. In the weeks before non emergency surgery, an autologous donor may be able to donate blood that will be stored until the surgical procedure After blood is drawn, it is tested for the ABO blood group type and the Rh type (positive or negative), as well as for any unexpected red blood cell antibodies that may cause problems in the recipient.

Blood Transfusion

A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood of blood products from one person (donar) into another person’s bloodstream (recipient). Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or due to a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if your body can’t make blood properly because of an illness. During a blood transfusion, a small needle is used to itwert an IV line into one of your blood vessels. Through thra line, you receive healthy blood. The procedure usually takes 1 to 4 hours, depending on how mach blood you need. A transfusion also may be done if your body can’t make blood properly because of an illness Blood transfusion is associated with several risks. In the past, the transmisson of infections was one of the most important risk factors associated with blood transfusion. Nowadays, this risk is much smaller due to stringent blood screening processes

Ambulance Service

An ambulance is a type of vehicle made to carry sick or injured people. Normally, ambulances go to people in emergencies to take people to hospital. Examples of emergencies include serious bleeding and broken bones, chest pain, serious head injuries, trouble breathing, and people injured in situations like car crashes and falls. The first ambulances were military horse-drawn carts which were used to carry badly wounded soldiers, to field hospitals after a battle Hase-drawn ambulances became commonplace in Europe during the are of Industrialization and as hospitals became common. Automobiles replaced horses in the early 1900s Today all ambulances are vans which are converted into small mobile clinics. They can provide first aid emergency care various medicines and life support gear, and carry patients to hospital Ambulances normally have emergency medical technicians (EMTs), nurse and paramedics who work on them. They ar highly trained to provide emergency care and treatment before reaching a hospital. Treating someone with a medical emergency w called first aid. They carry a lot of special equipment that can keep people alive. The anbulance carries lots of first aid supplies for bleeding, broken bones, car crashes, burns, heart and breathung prohlerts and lots of other medical emergencies. They also carry advanced tools for delivering babies in an emergency and restarting a heart.

Arsenic Pollution

Arsenic is a kind of chemical element that is found in underground water. Excessive taking of it through draking water is very harmful to human health. When a man drinks water having arsenic mixed with it, be u affected by arsenicuses. Arsenic is a slow posson, Gradually, it engulfs all the body parts of human being and causes serious harm. It affects firstly on human skin. One kind of spotted mark is found on the skin of palm of hand and feet of the affected person. As time goes on the affected person feels the symptoms of various kinds of physical injuries. In Bangladesh it is firstly detected in the water of some tube wells in some districts of the northern part of the country, Unavailability of pure drinking water and lack of consciousness is the main cause of taking arsenic polluted water. By taking vegetable, protein and vitamin in everyday meal the effect of arsenic can be prevented to a greater extent. Preventive measures can also be taken to fight arsenic. The affected tube wells should be distinguished and separated: Rain water and filtered pond’s water can be used in the arsenic prone areas. Awareness should be created among the common people about arsenic pollution. It is a matter of great hope that government and different NGOs have come forward to fight arvetic in the rural areas of Bangladesh.

Jaundice

Jaundice is a kind of water borse disease. It is caused because of drinking polluted water. The germ of jaundice remains in water. Long term jaundice causes liver cirrhosis, Gradually it affects the whole body parts and finally death is must. The green is blown in the blood and then the treatment cannot bring out a success. The symptoms of the disease are appetite, fever, weakness, losing power in eyesight, headache etc. The real color of the body has faded away. The affected person loses his disease prevention power. It has n00 effective treatment. The main cause of the disease is drinking polluted or impure water and taking food from roadside hotels. To be safe from law, people should be aware of drinking water. The pure and perm free drinking water should be ensured for all. The people should be aware of the disease and its danger.

AIDS

AIDS in the abbreviation for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome which is a serious disease caused by a virus called HIV. It destroys the body’s natural protection from infection and which gradually causes death. A person can contact AIDS if his or her bodily fluids come into contact with the bodily fluids of someone else who is infected with HIV. Infection with HIV does not necessarily mean that person has AIDS, although people may not develop AIDS for ten years or more. Persons having multiple sexual relation and users of drugs are at risk of developing this disease. As a preventive measure a person should refrain from having sexual relations with many people. Persona having HIV in their blood should not donate blood and while pushing injection disposable syringe should be used. More than 50% of the persons who get AIDS will die. There is no specific treatment of this disease and prevention is the only way to remain free from this care.

Health Care

Health is wealth. Health is at the root of all happiness. According to the World Health Organization “Health” is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Generally, people in poor countries have poor health while rich countries have much better health. A haby born in Africa is over 20 times more likely to the before its first birthday than a baby bom in Sweden Good health is more precious than any other wealth in life. Good health depends on many things. We need a healthy environment. We need good medical care. And we also need to take care of our own bodies. Environment pollution is one of the causes of our ill health Food, which is not fresh can causes various diseases. Dirty water can lead to cholera and dirty air so bronchitis. People at work can be damaged by fumes, noise, machinery ve streu and strain. In poor countries, wost illnesses and deaths are caused by lack of very basic things sach as dirty water, had sanitation and lack of good food. Poople can have influence on their own bealth. By smoking people run the risk of getting lung cancer and bronchims. Drinking too much alcohol or taking drugs can abo cause severe damage to health And there is an evidence that people who eat too much fatty food are most likely to suffer from heart diseases. Sugary foods larm teeth and may make one fat. Taking regular exercise in good for braith. So. rules of health care should be abided by all of us.

Immunization

Immunization is the process whereby a person is made munune or resistant to an mfectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own inmmune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease. Immunization is a proven tool foe controlling and eliminating life- threatening infectious diseases and is gostimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year. It is one of the most cost-effective health investments, with proven strategies that make it accessible to even the most hard-to-reach and vulnerable populations. It has clearly defined target groups, it can be delivered effectively through outreach activities, and vaccination does not require any major lifestyle change.

Anthrax

Due to the advancement of modem technology und research on medical treatment we are informed of many diseases. Anthrax is one of them. Anthrax was mlatively unknown disease in the western world until 2011. In this year the issue of Anthras was first came in so light. Fran an unknown source, spores of Anthrax were maliciousty mailed to some persons in the USA causing five deaths. The mortality of the discuse, the sability of is spores and the power of spreading from person to perion make Anthrax an attractive biological weapest for terrorists. By this the terrorists can successfully fulfil their desire to destroy the tegeted man. However this poison can attack in an epiderme form. For the greater safety of the civilua mach activities be harm to contul it Besides, government should have preparation for any critical situation regarding the spreading of Anthines.

WHO (World Health Organization)

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 07 April 1948 headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Natiom. The constitution of the World Health Organization had been sugned by 61 countries on 07 April 1948, with the fint meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office international “Whygiene publique and the League of Nations Health Organization. Since its creation, in las played a leading role in the eradication of malipos. Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malana and uberculosis; the nutigation of the effects of non-communicable docases, sexual and reproductive health, development, and ageing, nutrition, food security and healthy eating, occupational health, substance abuse, and driving the development of reporting, publications, and networking. The WHO is responsible for Health Day the World Health Reporn, the worldwide World Houlth Survey, and World.

A Balance Diet

The diet which contains all the proximate principles of food in 1 in adequate qualities & quantities to maintain all the roquement of the body and also to provide some extra nutrients so that one can withstand short duration of leunnes is known as balanced diet. A balanced diet is one that provides the body with all the essential numirema, vitamins and minerals required to maintain cells, tissues and organs as well as to function correctly. A diet that is lacking in nutrients can lead to many different health problems ranging from tiredness and lack of energy to serious problems with the function of vital organs and lack of growth and development to should also be made up of the contact number of calories to maintain a healthy weight, and be low in processed foods. Every person is different and hence the correct diet for health may vary from person to person, however by following a duct that is varied, covers all foods groups and is low in underable nutrients such as sodium, saturated fats and sagar, you are well on your way to a healthy body.

Malnutrition

Malnutrim is not getting necessary nutrition to be healthy. It is considered a more scientific and official serum than starvation which has negative associations. Malnutrition is not, however, simply a matter of eating too little. Someone can be malnourished if they eat an unhealthy diet. This can be cured by cutting a proper balanced diet. Guldren whose daily dist contains less carbohydrate and protein donut grus well. They do not gain weight. Their hands and legs appear as skin and bones. They cry all the time with hunger. They ant not active and have sunken eyes. Such children often fall sick. Lack of a particular vitamin in another kind of malnutrition which can cause a particular deficiency disease. Main Armin becomes a bigger problem during famine because most of the people do not get enough food, hence increasing the death rate

Corona Virus/COVID-19

Coronaviruses (CoV) me a large family of viruses that cause stress ranging from the common cold to more severe discases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoViand Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) A novel coronavirus inCoV) is a new strain that has not been previously identified in humans. Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people Detailed Investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats se humans and MERS-CoV hum dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infested humans. Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties in more severe cases, unfection, can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death. Standard recommendations to prevent infection spread include regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneering, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs Avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.

Air Pollution

Air is essential for our existence but it is being polluted in many ways today. Smoke is the main culprit for polluting the air. We produce smoke in various ways. We make fre for cooking, making bricks and burning face which create smoke. Pitch is melted (new) for road construction. Railway engines and power houses use coal and oil and create smoke. Mills and factories use coal, oil and chemicals Boses, cars and trucks, use petrol and diesel. All these works create smoke and thus pollute the air. Serumas aut pollution occurs in big industrial areas and big sites because there are many mills and factories and motor yefacies. By taking in polluted air we suffer from various diseases. Even many people die of respiratory diseases from this pollution every year

Water Pollution

Water pollution is a threat to life. Mes and animals cannot live a sound life using polluted water. Water is polluted in various ways. With the development of indasmes, large amount of industrial and municipal (e) wastes are discharged into rivers, lakes and canals Fertilisers and insecticides are wold in the fields by the farmers. Raim and floods wash away these chemicals and mix them with the water of rivers, canals and ponds. A lot of latrines are built on the bank of the rivers and canals. A number of ‘katcha drains carrying human wastes and filth run into rivers and canals Water vehicles throw food waste and hurtan waste int rivers. Thus water gets polluted with toxic chemicals and different wastes. It results in the death of marine gie) fives. We also suffer from waterborne diseases when we drink polluted water. In fact, the price of pollution is the death of mankind.

Soil Pollution

Soil pollution in une kind of pollution where soil is polluted in different ways. There are many reasons fer sol pollution. The significant cause of soil pollution is the enormous amount of industrial waste which u being produced everyday but not disposed properly. The mismanagement of household wastes, particularly the polythene shopping bags, has caused serious threat to the soil and the drainage system. Another cause for soil pollution is the use of agricultural pesticides, fertilizers etc. Sometimes fuel leakages from automobiles may get washed away by rain and seep into the nearby soil. Thus, soil a polluted. Natural fertilizers and con can be used to reduce soil pollution . Another way to reduce and control sol pollution is recycling

Mother’s Day

Mother’s Day is a day dedicated to all mothers. It is celebrated in honour the mother and motherhood Its also celebrated to remember and honour mother’s responsibilities in the family and society. It is celebrated with a lot of enthiacuum by most of the countries of the world in incluating, Bangladesh on the second Sunday in May in order to honour all mothers and express profound gratitude for the harships that they bear in bringing up a chuid. Generally, people take the day as an opportunity to pay tribute to their mothers and thanks then for all their love and support. There are so many ways of celebrating Mother’s Day. In order to observe the day, discussion programmes are organized by govt, and non-govt organizations in Bangladesh Reception programmes and cultural programmes are also held to mark the day in the capital city TV channels air special programmes and newspapers publish special features and columns highlighting the importance of the day. On this day, greeting cards, flowers and gifts featuring mothers are in high demand the shops and markets. But the most common method of celebrating Mather’s Day is to provide mothers with breakfast in bed. Moreover, they should be given great care by their issues throughout the whole day giving importance to their likes and dishikes Mother’s Day is the time to honour and cherish special bond of love and affection that children have to share with their mother. It is the perfect occasion to pamper our mother with special gifts and lots of love.

International Mother Language Day

21 February is a red letter day in our history This day has been declared as the International Mother Language Day by the UNESCO. So this is now a worldwide occasion. On this day we pay tribute to the martyrs of the Language Movement. We hout the Natunal Flag half-mast and wear black hadges. In the morning hundreds and thousands of people walk bare-footed to the Central Shubood Minar it is called prablut pharry. The President and the Prime Minister lay floral wreaths at the Shabeed Minar. Differem socio-cultural organizations pay homage to the martyrs of the Language Movement. This day is a national boliday People hold talks on the occasion. They discuss the significance of the day. The Radio and The BTV put up special programs. The national dashes bring out special supplements highlighting the significance of the day. The head of the state and the head of the government give separate messages to the nation. Thus this day is observed in par country and also all over the world

May Day

May Ist is Intermanona) Werkers Ebay. This day commemorates the historic struggle of working people in Chicage on May 3, 1886 police fired at the workers who were on strike demanding & hours working period a day, a minimum wage and safety laws. Since then, May Day has been observed almost all over the world. The day is also observed in Bangladesh in a befining manner. This is a national holiday. The trade unions and general workers organize seminar, symposium or discussion mestings. They pay homage to the May Day martyrs who laid down their lives for realizmg the rights of the working people. The newspapers and joormais bring out special supplements highlighting the significance of the day All the TV channels and radio stations broadcast special programs on the occasion. Different labour organizations chulk out elaborate programus to observe the day. People from differem walks of life observe May Day and recall the sacrifices of the workers in 1886. We encourage our workers to build the country. They express solidarity and unity with the soiling people of the world.

Experience of Celebrating the Pahela Baishakh

Pahela Haishakh, the first day of flengali New Year was celehined a few days ago It was a very grand occasion Weanng Punjabi and pyjama, I went to Ramna Park vory early in the morning. The Chihayanat began the first program at Ramna Batamul. It was attended by a large number of people. My younger brotduer was with me There were some other cultans) teams, too. They were singing in a choras welcoming the month. Then I surw some young people joining a procession They were dancing and singing. Some people were found weaning masks More procesions came carrying festoons, placards, posters and banners The Shilpakals Academy organized a colourful cultural function. Janya Press Club aiso organized a function. There was a huge gathering in the Mela which I voted Returning home, I watchet the ine programs on TV le the afternoon I attended a halkhata program in a shop. There was a flow of joy everywhers. Thus I enjoyed the celebration of laut Pahela

Tree Plantation (বৃক্ষ রোপন)

Tree in the saviour of the living beings on the earth. Life on earth is impossible without tree. Tree helps us in many ways. It supplies oxygen so that we can breathe on the globe. It takes carbon dioxide so that we can live with optimam temperature. We get many things from trees. It not only provides oxygen but also gives un food and shelter. We get our every neccesary thing from trees. Hul people of our country are cutting down trees bendlessly. They cannot think the aftermath of cutting down trees. If this, process going on, Bangladesh will be desert at any time and will go under water very soon. Realising the importance of trees, Bangladesh govt. observes tree planting week every year. So, we should plant trees to protect us from any kind of disaster and to save our lovely nature on earth.

Load Shedding

Load shedding in a great setback in the economic and social development of the country. It means the discontinuation of supply of electricity. There are many causes of load shedding. Firstly, generation of power is less than our demand. Besides, when any power plant is out of order, we cannot repair it minediately Not only that, there are many illegal connections. During load shedding, mills and factories become idle and for this reason industrial production deciunes. Social works and activities cannot go in order. Students cannot study properly. They are to stily in dim candielight. The bousewife groups feel uneasy in the darkness in the kitchen. The shops are to close down before the closing time. All types of works are hampered during the period of load shedding. However by establishing more power plants, by stopping unplanned distribution of electricity, illegal connection and reducing system loss, vee are to solve this problem because it hampers our economic and social development.

Environment Pollution

The environment is something we are very familiar with, it is everything that makes up our surroundings Environment pollution means the ecological imbalance. Our environment a getting polluted mainly for expansion of industries, maluplication of mechanized marsports, destruction of forests, pollunon of the see and use of chemicals. We will inse the ecological balance due to environment pollution. This is damaging the human life both the born and unborn. It has become the question of our existence. Water is getting polluted by wastung away from chemicah in fields, throwing the waste maternals into the water, throwing od, food waste and hurman waste into water, unsanitary latrines and drains running to the water. Another element of environment is air, which is polluted by smoke and there is several reasons of smoking. To prevent the environmem pollution mure nee should be planted, dust collection system should be farmed, vehicles should he tested before running into the streets and people should be more concerned about it along with government. Then we will able to solve this problem

A Rickshaw Puller

A rickshaw pullet is a familiar figure in cities and towns. The man who pulla rickshaw for money is called a rickshaw puller. A rickshaw puller generally cannot change his lot in spite of hard work. He lives from hand to mouth. Usually, be driven rickshaw from morning to till night. Some begins at noon and ends at the deal right. A nickshaw puller works hard but he cannot nuuintain his family well. Most of the rockshaw pullers hare not ther wws rickshaw. They have to rent nokshaw from the nokshaw owners. As a nokshow pellet is sery pain, he is not well aware of the rules of good health. So, he as well as his furuly suffers from various disesses. Whenever smkos ga on his mouries know no bounih. He may get his rickshaw damaged in the hanah. Then his life comes to a standdill. He words very hand but cumet hring solvency (ঋন পরিশোধক্ষমতা) his family. Truly speaking. be remains philler all all through his life and dies as a puller.

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Traffic Jam

Traffic sum is a common picture in cities and town of Bangladesh and it has negative unpacts on our life and economy It murans a long line of vehicles stranded on the road. There are several cases behind traffic jam Finaly many drivers are not awam of the mis and regulations of driving and many others are not willing to abide by traffic rules. Then, vehadas of vanirus valoctues ply on the same road and it slows down the movement if vehicles Rankless driving and illegal packing sometimes cause traffic jam Besides, our cities do not have spacious and suffliesent roads. The comequences of traffic jam are very serious. Office going people fail to ric Bier working places in time. It causes the loss of uffice tone and eventually it hampers offior work or production Studesus ofñen cannot attend their classes in time and thus it hampers their academic progress. But the most magic impact of traffic jam is that ambulances carrying antical patients cammet reach the hospitals and chimes timely Ever sineumos patienti dhe on the way without trestment. However, traffic jam is to be ensed became & causes a great lose to our life and economy

Early Rising

The importance of rising carly is obvious (পরিক্ষায়) to all It is such a good habit that brings invnese pleasure to a man’s life. The man who rises early can keep all the day’s work under his control Some physical maces and walking in the morung tefresh both his mind and body. He can enjoy natural beauty. This manuve tian bealth and meresses his ability to work. Beudes, in sharpens tis thought and sense of beury Them he becomes kan an thinking about the creation. This makes him wise. This habit siso paves the way foe beginning the day’s work carty He gets more tane to work and can earn more and thus becomes wealthy The man who doet nat hac early in the moming always feels lethargie (a) and borod at work. He cet evat be punctaal te carry o eut this daily activities. And be rutains far away from being rich. Truly speaking early rung is the source of health, wealth and wisdom.

Deforestation

Deforestation means catting down trees or destruchan af trees at random that endangers as life. There are many fagues betund thes destructiune. Our population, excesive pressure of land and our carelessness are mainly responulde for this destraction (wet) Papulation at a high rate and this addrisemal population requines mote land for settlement and agricultural coltivation So, with the incrime of population fransctural facilities are gening increased. There are more roads, bridges, educational institutions lopish and hary aber natums to serve innumerabic ) pr. The result is that land meas dering and land for thes and forests are getting decreased day by day. People are also destroying t in enoting food making brick, melting pich etc. But deforestation causes increase of carbon durik global warming and cological anbalance. As a result, there are natural disasters including flood, cycles salvage, se level thes etc. All these badly affect wild life In fact, deforestation is a derrate

My Favourite Hobby

Hobby is an imorating work at lensure time. There are different kinds of hobbies like gardening, paming drawing pictures, stamp collection, autograph collection, kate flying, fahing etc. My hobby is gardening have a small garden in foms of my posting room. I have planned many flower plants in my ganden. I nàλειας of my gardes properly. I make the soil loose with a spade. I weed out the grass of my garden. Sometimes water my flower planis I have made a fence around my greden so that anumals and naughty boys can do t harm As I har flowers very much, every afternoon I spend at icast half an host in my garden. A flower the synthol of beauty and purity. Besides this, gardening is very useful to health and mind. It strengthem my health and refreshes my mind. When the flowers hloom in my garden, I feel happy. My pleasure knows bound when I get the sweet scent of my flowers. When I feel bored, I spend my time in the garden Moreover, to work in the garden is a physical exacne. Above all, it prevents me to pass my time in dienes

A Village Doctor

A village doctor a familiar (পাঁচ) figure ma village. He may be a qualified doctor or a quack (e) However, he a kind and vympathetic (are) by nature. He is a very active man. He mes early, takes a little mfreshment and attends on the patients till the noon. He has a commen stock of medicines in an ulmarsh or neo. He has a chair to sit on and a table before it. This is his dispensary and it is made outrude his house the has to go a long distance fles on foot or by bicycle to anend on a patient. Even he attends on a patient at any homat of the day or night. Above all, he is a very unportant person in the village

A Mobile Phone/Uses and Abuses of Mobile Phone

A mobile phone is a great invention of modere science It is called so because a user can carry it wherever he goes out has made the innerpersonal communication very easy and fast. One can communicate with the expected person within a few seconds through a mobile phone. Business communication has become cart because of the use of this device and all steps of life are benefited by it. It in also helpful for the studen They can get suggestion of thet studies from their trends and teachers. So the number of consumers of meile phone is increasing day by day i has made the world smaller and brought all clover But it unfortunate that it has some negative aspects too. Criminals also use it for their activities. It causes o health hazard. Scientists believe that it causes frain tumurs by its mviuble and uncontrolled radio act Especially the pregnant women and children should not use it at all. In spite of all these, a mobile phone blessing for

The Victory Day (বিজয় দিবস)

Bangladesh is not a very aged country though in this short qun of time many significans events took place in the history of it. The 16th December is a red letter day in life history of Bangladesh. On this day, we gained independence at the cost of a bloodstumed war and Hangladesh came into being. We commemorate the paramount sacrifice of the brave sens who died fee the country and pay gleaming acclaim to their decirased soul. The day begins with gunshot, the whole country wears a festive look. The national Dag is hoisted on the top of rach house. Many meetings, seminars, symposiums and discussion are held. Propic of all walks of life go to national mausoleum and offer flowers there at a symbol of profisand homage to the martyred valkant soldiers. This day is a day of grott my, hope and inspiration This victory symbolizes victory agemst mequity, oppression and falschoud. This day will remain ever frok and evergreen in the heart of each and every Bangladeshi.

Food Adulteration

Food adulteration meam making food or drunk less pure by addung or mixing another substance to Nowadays foods are often adulterated. In hotch atul restaurants stale and rotten foods are mixed with froth food and served to the customers. Fish and vegetables are adulterated by putting on them chemicals and other preservatives in order to make them look fresh Bakery and confectionery jeoducts are also prepared by using sotic substances and then they get aduherated Jurik food contains harmful chemicals. Even fruits, milk and beverages are aduherated in fact all kinds of foods and food articles are adoherated by dishonest and greedy businessmen and shop keepers for quick and unearned profit. Adulterated foods bring serious health hazard They sause many fatal diseases and even death. Public awareness should be created so that they become careful about buying foods and food articles. Beudes, the crimunals have in be identified and punished. The relevant departments of the government should remam ever vigilans agannal food addteration and gear up ther setivines.

Good Health

Good liealth refers to the soundeess of both exerital and phyucal healtti. Penpie with good health are fit, active and free from diseases. Certainly, good bealth in the root of all happiness. But mantamung a good health is not an easy task For kreping one’s health good, one has to follow certain rules and discipline. One has to take regular physical exerene, proper rest or sleep. Early ensing in essamal for kerpang in health good Balanced dier is ewentul in this regard. Balanced het is a diet that contains all kinds of food value. But it is a great regret thai meat of the people of our country live helow poverty love and they do not get the food which they need for good health. Even the rich and educated people are not conscious of the rules of good health. They take a wide sanaty of imbalanced food and bring barm to their health. The complexities of our day-to-day life have a hat mpact on our health. They produce frustration, hopelessness and many other mental desontes. All few are bstacles to mental pence and a sound body. These complexities have to be avoided because a umple and case free life in conducive to good bealth.

Global Warming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the world. Most of the observed temperature increase has been caused by mcreasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. It is due to human activity such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rue and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of sub-tropical deserta. Warnting is expected to melt down glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects include changes in the frequency and intensity of cxtreme weather events, species extinctions, and changes in agricultural fields. As a result of contemporary increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, the oceans have become more acidic. Scarntists are unanimous that Bangladesh will be one of the badly affected countmes Almost one third of the total area will be submerged under water for ever in the last few years, there were some natural disasters like cyclone “Aila” that caused deaths to thousands of people. Now the tidal surge is common as the sea level has already risen. Some small islands went under water for ever. As Bangladesh will be the worst victim, we should raise her voice against global warming.

Our Liberation War

26 March, the independence Day of our country, is observed every year with due solemnity and respect. It is a public holiday. All the public and private organisations remain closed on this day. Our Liberation War look place in 1971. People of all classes took part in the war and fought against the Pak army. They fought for long nine months. And after a long bloody war, we got our freedom. Now we observe the day with profound respect arranging various cultural programmes. Processions are held, patriotic songs are sung and floral wreaths are placed at the National Memorial at Savar, try the political leaders of different political parties. freedom fighters and people from all walks of life. Smartly dressed parades are displayed by the law enforcing agencies. Various displays are also done by scouts and school boys and girls. Houses and Govt. buildings aru ilhaminated, with colourful lights. Cultural activities are arranged by different organisations Boat race is also organised in the rivers. Thus, we observe the day.

Email

Ensil meam Electronic mail it is one of the many modern devices of communication. It is the communication of textual message via electronic means. This is not only a quick, easy and relatively cheap way to keep in touch with family and frends, it has also become an essential tool of business, a fundamental part of the way in which we work. Many providers are there to provide us email facilities. Yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail ens are some of them. Most of the time we use email through our computers. A cell phone can also help in to check and compose email if the mobde operator provides this service. Agam we need internet connechon for browsing email. We can exclunge (বিনিয় করা) message, chat through email service. We can also attach by files and send them to our desired persons. Thus à becomes very easy to transfer important files, documems, photos etc instantly without physically going anywhere. It maintains our private, social and official network in a powerful and effective way. In fact, it has brought a revolutionary change in the field of modern communication.

Internet

Internet is the latest and most wonderful means of communication At present unternet is considered a milestone of the most significant advancement of science and technology. In fact, internet is a network of communication that is based on a system of many connected computers throughout the world. People having connection with this facility use it to communicate with others. It is the cheapest and fastest communication means for business and commerce Students also can use internet to get information, in the developed countries teachers send every study material and course to every individual student through internet. Now in aur country, this facility is used to send information. Through internet we can also send picture, data and many other things. This interesting means of communication is specading and getting popularity everyday But people of our rural areas are still deprived of internet facilities for lack of technical support and education. The hopeful matter is that government has given importance to widespread use of internet throughout the country to make Bangladesh digital.

Necessity of Learning English

The necessity of learning English is beyond description. It is the most influential international language now It has become the second language of our country. We need to know the language for many reasons. We cannot communicate with the people of other countries in our mother tongue We need a language that is common to the people of all the countries. When we go outside, we use English to communicate with the foreigners. We have to use English in business correspondence with foreigners. Nowadays business has become international. The businessmen have to maintain international relations, So they use English language. Next, we require English language for higher studies hecause books of higher clames are written in English. Besides, most books of knowledge and scenot are either written in English or vanslated into English. It is not possible to operate computer without knowing English. Moreover, English is essential in foreign service. English is now considered a necesary skall So English language has become a very necessary language for us.

Climate change

Changes in the sarth’s weather including changes in temperaturs, wind patterns and ramfall refer to as thmate change. Climate change is a long term change in weather patterns over a long penod of time. It s now a major global concern Greenhouse gases that include carbon dioxide, methane and CPC are the mam causes of the climate change. Our atmosphere which is guarded by an ozinc layer resists the entrance of ultra-violet rays from the sun caming greenhouse effect. Climate changs in the worst of all the problems that affect all the flora and fauna of the environment, Bangladesh, being a low-lying land, may become the worst victim of a There are many plants and animals that art vulnerable to climate change. The summer and the airy seasons are altcaly prolonging and winter is shrinking. The river banks are being eroded and crop land being reduced. Besides, salime water is mstriding into the rivers in the coastal areas resulting in damage farm lands. Moreover, floods, drooghts and other disasters hit the country more frequently nowadays. De the past ventury, sea level has risen by 10 se 20 centimetres as a result of global warming. The Sundarba world’s largest mangrove finest is abo at severs risk. All these lead te more landless people and climate refugees in the country.

Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse effect is the curse of global warming. The rise in atmospheric temperature is known as greenhouse effect. Our atmosphere is guarded by an ozone layer which resists the entrance of ultra-viole rays from the sun. But deforestation around us and the increased amount of carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocartion affect that layer, The heat of the un enters directly into the atmosphere of the carth Scimnon are worried about this increased heat because it is melting the ice in the polar regions (সকল) this process continues for a long time, the layet of water in the oceam will me and flood coastal areas and farm lands of Bangladesh will go under water. Besides, this will reduce mankind’s ability to grow food. destroy or severely damage wild life and wilderness. So, for making our lear earth safe, we should plam an many trees as possible. We have so prevent or reduce the amount of ennzaron of greenhouse gases Everybody should take part to make a safe world.

Digital Bangladesh

Digital Bangladesh means digitalizing Bangladesh by muring an ICT hased society where information will be available in online and where all possible tasks of the government and other non-government or semi- government will be performed using digital technology The benefits of Digital Bangladesh are many. If we zan establish a dignal Rangladesh, corruption will be absolutely eradicated. It will save people’s time and money and will make people more enterprising. It will connect people with the whole world economicalh polimcally, socially, academically and even culturally. It will modernize banking and financial activities Agriculture, health, educanon, commerce all these sectors will be highly benefited by making Bangladesh a digital one. The government has to take certain initiatives for implementing this dream. First of all uninterrupted power supply has to be ensured. We have to develop computer network infrastructures throughout the country. We also have to main our people to acquire ICT skill and ensure equitable access to digital governance services by all strata of the society. It will be no exaggeration if we say that the implementation of a digital Bangladesh can help our country make progress in all sectors by leaps and boundi.

Early/Premature Marriage

Premature marriage is the marriage of boys and girls who have not yet reached the age of manage. Although the government of Bangladesh has fixed 18 and 21 years for girls and boys respectively, people especially the rural arus Mind to marry their ins and daughters off earlier than the expected time Marrying sach premature apu boys suffer a lut because they have to work hard to run a family. On the other hand, gote suffer even more because they have to risk thes lives doing premature child birth. Yet the parents of some marry hem off to get dowry burn the in-laws. Girls’ parves are often prejudiced against shucation. They think that girls don’t need much education. They are fur cooking, giving birth of childrens and raring them up and looking after their husbands. Some of them even think that girls are born to serve their m-laws. This the premanee martiage creates a lot of problems in the sociery Lack of education in one of the causes of prematurs martiage. Lack of moral values alii cases premature murmage. The modis should be active in wafving premature marriage. The govt. should take pragmatic steps to remove this evil practice. Last but the least, rasing social awareness can play the key mle towards curfing this evil act.

Drug addiction

Drug addiction refers to a condimon of being addicted to narcotic drugs. These sarcotic drugs are generally illegal drugs. Today every country in the world is no longer urcure from the menace of the drug abuse Bangladesit is aho a victim of this problem. It is a social evil. Millions of talented youths of our country fall victims to the habit of taking drugs. These youths are on the way of sure dead. The inimace is not only affecting the individuals who take drugs hut sha affecting their parents as well as a whole nutnon. Poverty, fnatration, unemployment are the main reasons of these youths to be énag addicted that a in true that eow young people now consider saking drug as fashion of smartness. This is completely a rubbish thought: Many youths of our country who are from well off family take drugs. To get nd of this menace everyone should come forward. The illegal drug dealers should be brought under punishment. Socal awareness should be rward. Counseling among the youth should be conducted. Most inportantly parents should be aware of ther children’s life style.

Smoking: A Habitant Sickness

Inhaling the smoke of burnt tohacen in called smoking. The subarco can be either burst in a device called pupe or it can he wrapped and miled in a piece of tobacco leaf paper. It is a popolar belief that suhaling tobacco amcike provides stundation (wen) though there is no medical evidence (er) this belief There are numerous had effects of smoking. It canes respiratory problem leading to beanchitis A smoker suffers from hyper tumuun, amity, digestion (elemei disorder and heart attack. Simokers non the rak of being attacked with colone cancer and cardiac arrest at least 7 to 8 nmes higher thana non smaker The decision thes should be very obvimus. In order to keep our people healthy and working we nood to preven this malady (3) Government has already prohibited (লিখ করেছে) smoking in public places. As mokang camses several chemical changes within human body the impact a far reaching. If somebody anekes for the fint few times, there is no coming back. He becomes a slave to this malevolent (for) habit To sup smoking, we should rasse consciousness among the people and inform them of the begative effects of it.

Gender Discrimination

Gender discrimination is the practice of treating any gender of the society unfairly. When any person of one particular gender is nat given his or her rights, gender discrimination begas. Female persons of our society are the worst sufferers of this discrunination. It starts from the very buth of a female child, and ends with her death. Our society is dominated by male poople. They think that male child will earn money for the family and female child will do only domestic chores So, mair children always get prominence. They get the highest of the opportunities (for) available in the families. But, female children are assigned (কার্মানির দায়িত্ব স্বর্ণদ করা। to household works and are married aff as soon as posoble. So, they don’t get opportunity so flourish their latent (সুর) talent (ef). Some of these girls may be at school but after marriage, they only give both to children and rear them up. The dopanty (we) causes a great harm to their mentality. They think themselves inferior (বাই) to maile people. But, for social development both male and fenule person should contribute equally because the female people are the half of our whole population. It is nex possible for male people to change the socio-economy without the help of female people. This problem can be solved by traning awareness in general.

Facebook

Facebook is a very popular social networking site which has both advantages and disadvantages. It is a go way to keep in touch with your family and friends that live far away. With instant messaging and even video chat, Facebook is the perfect environment to stay connected. With the status updates, photos and profils unformation, it can keep us up to date on the happenings of all of our close ones. Facebook makes meeting new people extremely easy Using Facenook ou can express one’s opinion zasily. Facebook has some disadvantages too. It is very easy for cyber bulites to thrive They can harass and gang up on one person There aren’t noderators that go around monitoring what people say in each other. Beside, teenagers au spend much tune on Facebook, will satfer in the long run as their valuable time for study is not used properly. So there is no denying to say that Facebook has a lot of advantages with some disadvantages.

E-learning

E-learning means education via the internet network, or stand alone computer. E-learning refers to usitng electronic applications and processes to learn E-learning applications and processes include web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classrooms and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the intermet, untranet extranet, audio or video tupe, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. E-learning was first called “Internet-based training then “Wah-Based Training Today we will dill find these terms being used leaming can be CD-ROM-band, network-based, intrand-based or internet based. It can include text, viden audio, animation and virtual environmers. It can be a very rich learning experience that can even surpass the level of training we might experience in a crowded classroom. It’s self-paced, bands-on learning. The quality of the electronic-based training, as in every forms of taming, is in its content and its delivery. E-learning can suffer from many of the same pitfalls as classroom training, such as boring slides, monotonous speech, and istic opportunity for interaction. The beauty of e-learning, however, is that new software allows the creation of very effective learning environments that can engulf us in the material We’ll use software from Trainersoft as an example to show us how the process works

Eve Teasing

Eve teasing, often known as “Sexual harassment, is a regular occurrence for the women and girls of Bangladesh. It is a malpractice of male perion and it is inserted upon a female person physically and mentally with a had intention in different ways. So, if any male person intends to muut the modesty of any female, utters any negative word, makes any sound or gesture or exhibits any object intending that such word shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen by that very woman is called eve teasing Extremely restricted mentality and overly conservative on sexuality provoke eve teasing. Lack of education is one of the causes of eve teasing. Lack of moral values and firer exposure to ultra modern fashion also case eve teasing There are also some impacts of eve teasing It increases girls dropout rate from school. Girls who are teased are also pushed into marriage before they are physically or mentally prepared Establishing human rights, empowering rural governance and enruring gender parity could be the effective tools for removing this social curse. Educatiou vystem must be modified in a way as to promite poutive relationship between girls and boya, especially at younger age.

Dowry System

Dowry is the money or movable or imunovahle property that in some society, a wife or her family mast pay to her husband at the time of marriage willingly or unwillingly. It is an unexpected evil custom in our society. Like other social evils, it in a curse. At present, it is practised in both educated and uneducated families Guardians buy bridegrooms fie their daughters by offering money, jewellery and fumature Greed for money and wealth is the main came of dowry. Most of the bridegrooms think that it is their right to have money and wealth when they marry hecause they have a negative attitude towards women Bridegrooms dunk that as they provide wonen with everything, they mast pay for the establishment of their husbands This evil practice affects our society very much. It creates panic in the mind of the guardians who have daughters yet to marry. Very often in newspaper, we read about untold torture women have to face for the nan payment of dowry. As a conscious citizen. I greatly oppose this system. It should be eliminated as soon as possible. We have to create awareness among people about its bad effects in the society Female persons should be aware of their dignity and right. They luve to be educated and commbute to thest family as much as possible. If this is done, this social corse can be eliminated.

Physical Exercise

It is it possible to keep in good health and mental soundness without taking some form of physical exercise.Phyucal exercise means movement of our body in a systematic way. There are matty kinds of physical exercise for us. But all are not suitable for everyone Of course young people can take almost any form of exercise. They may participate in games and sports like cricket, football, hadrunton, tennis, golf, martial arts and so on. Many others can choose gymnastics like running, weight lifting etc. However, all forms of exercises are not suitable for older people. Walking in the open ar is the best exercise for them. Some older people may choose running depending on their physical ability. It in also important that without exercise our body becomes weak. As a result, we become vulnerable to many diseases. On the other hand, when we takz exercise, our body becomes strong and there grows natatal preventive ability against diseases in our body Thuis fa person takes regular exercise, he can remain energetic and spirited even in the old age But it is very mmportant to keep in mind that over exercise tells upon body and it can sometimes lead to our disability So we mant avoid this situation of saking excessive exercise. So we all should take regular physical exercue.

Natural Disasters in Bangladesh

Natural disaster means natural calamities. When a atorm revolves violently round a centre, it is called cyclone. It moves at high speed ranging from forty to one lundred or more kilometers per hour. A cyclone varies in diameter from eighty ti me hundred or more kilometers. For the last four years, many devastating cyclones swept over Bangladesh and caused immense harm to the people. Cyclone is a curse, especially to the inhabitants of the coastal regions of Bangladesh. The violent types of cyclone usually hit the tropick. The cyclone of Bangladesh preeraily originates from the Bay-of-Hengal, and blows towards the land It is often accompanied by thunders and heavy showers. Before the begintung of a cyclone unbearable heat is felt for a few days. Then suddenly one day the sky becomes terribly dark with clouds and strong winds begin to blow with flashes of lighting and thunders. This a terrible situation is created that lasts for a few hours. It causes a great havoc A lot of people and other animals die. Dwelling horases are blown away, Sometimes, the tidal bore and the heavy showers wash away all things. The cycione is usually followed by scarcity of food, Outbreak of vaneus diseases sach as cholera, dysentery, diamboen, zic spreads all over the affected armas However, the loss caused by cyclones can be reduced by some measures. Priot warning can be given to the people who are likely to be affected by the cyclone. People and then necessary goods can be shifted to the syclone shelters. Mornover, a quick reisef, medical treatment and essential medicines should be made available to the affected people just aftur a terrible cyclone.

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