Concept about Stuttering – This book covers the entire syllabus of “Psychiatric Nursing” prescribed by the Universities of Bangladesh- for Basic and diploma nursing students. We tried to accommodate the latest information and topics. This book is an examination-friendly setup according to the teachers’ lectures and examination questions.
At the end of the book previous university questions are given. We hope in touch with the book students’ knowledge will be upgraded and flourish. The unique way of presentation may make your reading of the book a pleasurable experience.
Concept about Stuttering
Stuttering:
Stuttering is a speech daorder in which sounds, syllables, or words are repeated or prolonged disrupting the normal flow of speech These speech disruptions may be accompanied by struggling behaviors, such as rapid eye blinks or tremors of the lips. Stuttering can make a difficul communicate with other people, which often affects a person’s quality of life. Stuttering is sometimes referred to as stammering and by a broader term, disfluent speech Q. Mention the causes of stuttering.
Causes of stuttering:
Although the precise mechanisms are not understood, there are two types of stuttering that are common. (A third type of stuttering, called psychogenic stuttering, can be caused by emotional trauma or problems with thought or reasoning. At one time, all stuttering was believed to be psychogenic, but today we know that psychogenic stuttering is rare.) Q. Mention the types of stuttering.
Developmental stuttering
Developmental stuttering occurs in young children while they are still learning speech and language skills. It is the most common form of stuttering Some scientists and clinicians believe that developmental stuttering occurs when children’s speech and language abilities are seable to meet the child’s verbal demands. Developmental stuttering also runs in families.
In 2010, the the fast time NIDCD researchers isolated three gones that cause sturtering. More information on the genetica ef smuttering can be found in the research section of this fact sheet.
Nourvesak Muttering
Neurogenic stunaring may occur after a stroke, head trauma, or other type of brain injury Wab newogenic stuttering, the besin has difficulty coordinating the different components and speaking because of signaling problems between the brain and nerves or esuscles.
Diagnosis:
Stuttering is usually diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SL.P), a health professional who is trained to test and treat individuals with voice, speech, and language disorders. The speech-language pathologist will consider a variety of factors, including the child’s case history (such as when the stuttering was first noticed and under what circumstances), an analysis of the child’s stuttering behaviors, and an evaluation of the child’s speech and language abilities and the impact of stuttering on his or her life.
When evaluating a young child for stuttering, a speech-language pathologist will try to predict if the child is likely to continue his or her stuttering behavior or outgrow it. To determine this difference, the speech-language pathologist will consider such factors as the family’s history of stuttering, whether the child’s stuttering has lasted six months or longer, and whether the child exhibits other speech or language problems. Q. What are the treatment of stuttering?
Treatment:
1. Although there is currently no cure for stuttering, there are a variety of treatments available. The nature of the treatment will differ, based upon a person’s age, communication goals, and other factors. If you or your child stutters, it is important to work with a speech-language pathologist to determine the best treatment options.
2. Provide a relaxed home environment that allows many opportunities for the child to speak. This includes setting aside time to talk to one another, especially when the child is excited and has a lot to say.
3. Refrain from reacting negatively when the child stutters. Instead, parents should react to the stuttering as they would any other difficulty the child may experience in life. This may involve gentle corrections of the child’s stuttering and praise for the child’s fluent speech.
4. Be less demanding on the child to speak in a certain way or to perform verbally for people, particularly if the child experiences difficulty during periods of high pressure.
5. Speak in a slightly slowed and relaxed manner. This can help reduce time pressures the child may be experiencing.
6. Listen attentively when the child speaks and wait for him or her to say the intended word. Don’t try to complete the child’s sentences. Also, help the child learn that a person can communicate successfully even when stuttering occurs.
7. Talk openly and honestly to the child about stuttering if he or she brings up the subject. Let the child know that it is okay for some disruptions to occur.
8. Stuttering therapy Many of the current therapies for teens and adults who stutter focus on learning ways to minimize stuttering when they speak, such as by speaking more slowly, regulating their breathing, or gradually progressing from single-syllable responses to longer words and more complex sentences. Most of these therapies also help address the anxiety a person who stutters may feel in certain speaking situations.
Drug therapy:
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any drug for the treatment of stuttering. However, some drugs that are approved to treat other health problems such as epilepsy, anxiety, or depression-have been used to treat stuttering.
[Ref: www.nided.nih.gov/]
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