Anatomy and physiology -The course is designed for the basic understanding of anatomical structures and physiological functions of human body, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, respiratory system; cardiovascular system; urinary system, endocrine system, reproductive system, nervous system, hematologic system, sensory organs, integumentary system, and immune system.
The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge and skills regarding anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy and physiology for Nursses and Midwifery
Chapter-1
- Definition of anatomy and it’s division
- Definition of physiology and it’s Branches
- Importance of Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses and Midwives
- Anatomical position and some common patient position
- Some important Anatomical terminology
- Directional terms
- Anatomical planes/section of the body
- Anatomical terms for describing movements
- The body cavity
- The Body Regions
- The levels of structural organization of Human body
- The composition of human body
- Characteristics of life
- Homeostasis and hemostasis
- Organ system
- Cell and the structure of cell
- Diffusion and Osmosis
- Cell membrane
- Mitosis & Meiosis cell division
- Tissues
- Gland
- Adipose tissue
Chapter-2
- Introduction
- Muscle tissue
- Skeletal muscle
- Characteristics of different types of muscle
- Major muscles of human body
- Skeletal system
- Skeleton
- Bone and classification, functions of bone
- Bone cell
- Bone ossification
- Macroscopic Structures of Long Bone
- “Scalp”
- Fontanelle
- Skull and facial bones
- Bones of the thorax
- Sternum
- Bones of the upper limb
- The humerus
- Bones of the lower limb
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Radius and ulna
- Femur
- Vertebral column
- Vertebrae
- The bones of the pelvic
- Joint and Classification, function of joint
- The synovial joint
- Tendons, Ligaments, Cartilage and Bursae
- Terminology
Chapter-3
- Organs of digestive system
- Gastrointestinal tract or Alimentary canal
- Pharynx
- The layers
- Mouth/oral cavity
- Teeth
- Salivary glands
- Stomach
- Gastric juice
- The intestine
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Liver, pancreas and gallbladder
- The biliary tract/tree
- Pancreas
- Bile
- Peristalsis
- Chyme
- Defecation reflex
- Common disorders and common terminology
Chapter-4
- Introduction
- Three basis steps in respiration
- Organs of respiratory system
- Conducting and respiratory zones of respiratory system
- Larynx
- Trachea
- The lung
- The tracheobronchial tree
- Pulmonary ventilation and the mechanism of breathing
- Muscles of respiration
- The Lung Volumes and Capacities
- Spirometer
- Factors affecting vital capacity
- Hypercapnia, hypoxia Cyanosis
- Pulse oximetry
- Disorders and terminology of Respiratory system
Chapter-5
- Definition of Blood Composition and functions of blood
- Life span of different blood cells
- Formed Elements of the Blood
- Bone marrow
- Platelet
- ABO blood group & Rh blood group
- Complication that might occur in Rh negative female
- Blood clotting and blood clotting factors
- Cross matching and Effects of mismatched blood transfusion
- “Universal recipients” and “Universal donor’s
- ESR
- Anaemia with their causes
- Haemoglobin (hb)
- Leukemia
- Cardiovascular system & function of CVS
- Blood vessels
- Difference between Artery and Vein
- Circulation and types of circulation
- Heart, chambers and the valves of the heart
- Coronary circulation
- Blood circulation in human body
- Conduction system of Heart
- Pace maker of heart
- Heart rate
- Cardiace output
- Tachycardia
- ‘Heart sound
- Blood pressure
- Hypertension
- Danger triangle of the face
- Fetal circulatory system
Chapter-6
- Endocrine system and endocrinology
- Endocrine gland
- Hormone
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
- Pancreatic islets/islets of Langerhans
- Growth hormone
- Adrenal glands
- Male and female gonads
- Placenta
- Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia
- Insulin
- Gestational diabets mellitus (GDM)
- Emergency hormone
- Epinephrine or Adrenalin
- Dopamine
- Common terminology of endocrine system
Chapter-7
- Nervous system
- Somatic and autonomic nervous system
- Neuron
- Axon & dendrite
- Brain
- Cerebrum & cerebellum
- Cerebral lobes
- Thalamus, hypothalamus & Pineal Gland
- Meninges
- Ventricles of brain
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal cord and spinal nerves
- PNS and ANS
- CSF
- Lumber puncture
- Pain
- Paralysis
- Upper motor and lower motor neuron
- Common terminology of nervous system
Chapter-8
- Urinary system and its functions
- Excretion and list of the excretory organs
- The kidneys with figure
- Nephron and figure of Nephron
- Ureters and Urinary bladder
- Urethra, urethra compare in males and females
- Micturition, How does the micturition reflex occur
- Define GFR and Renal threshold
- Polyuria, Oliguria & Anuria
- Some common disorders and terminology of urinary system
Chapter-9
- Functions of male and female reproductive system
- Sex determination in human
- Puberty and Adolescence
- Physical changes during puberty in boys and girls
- Male genital organs
- Penis
- Testes or the male gonads
- Semen and sperm
- Sperm cell
- Semen analysis
- The external female genitalia (vulva)
- The female internal genital organs
- Vagina, clitoris, peritoneum and vulva
- Uterus
- Ovary and fallopian tube
- Ovulation
- Menstruation and different phases of Menstrual cycle
- The mechanism of menstruation
- Fertilization and implantation
- Hormones responsible for menstrual cycle
- Hormones of ovary
- Sterility
- Uterine milk
- Mammary glands and figure of the mammary gland
- Lactation
- Milk production and the milk-ejection reflex
- Placenta
- Umbilical cord
- Changes During Embryonic and Fetal Development
- Gynecomastia
- Pregnancy test, parturition and Surgical Sterilization
- Puberty
- Common disorders and common termionlogy
Chapter-10
- Introduction
- Special senses, Name special sense organs and idea of perception
- Different types of sensory receptors
- Thermoreceptors
- The receptors of special senses
- Sensation and describe the conditions needed for a sensation to occur
- Referred pain & locations of skin areas to which visceral pain is referred
- Sense of smell (olfaction)
- Sense of taste
- Modalities of Taste, and the substances causing primary taste sensation
- The acessory structures of the eye
- Tear
- Retina
- Pupil
- The eye acts as a camera
- The external, middle, and internal ear
- Physiology of Hearing
- The mechanism of hearing
- Auditory function tests
- Different tests performed to differentiate the type of deafness
- Common disorders and common terminology
Chapter-11
- Introduction
- Definition of integumentary system and it’s functions
- Skin
- Epidermis
- The structure and functions of glands
- Nails
- Burn
- The rule of nine
- Common disorders and common terminology
Chapter-12
- Introduction: Lymphatic system and immunity
- Lymph nodes
- The lymphatic capillaries circulation
- The relationship of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes to the cardiovascular system
- Spleen
- The thymus
- The immune system and immunity Classify immunity
- The Comparison of Active and Passive Immunity
- Antigen and antibody
- Immunoglobulin
- Phagocytosis
- Autoimmune diseases
- Common disorders and common terminology
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