Common disorders and common termionlogy – The course is designed for the basic understanding of anatomical structures and physiological functions of human body, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, respiratory system; cardiovascular system; urinary system, endocrine system, reproductive system, nervous system, hematologic system, sensory organs, integumentary system, and immune system.The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge and skills regarding anatomy and physiology.
Common disorders and common termionlogy
Amenorrhea (a without; men month, rrhea =a flow), The absence of menstruation; it may be caused by a hormone imbalance, obesity, extreme weight loss, or very low body fat, as may occur during rigorous athletic training.
Breast Cancer: is the second-leading cause of female deaths from cancer. Early detection by breast self-examination and mammograms is the best way to increase the chance of survival.
The most effective technique for detecting tumors less than 1 cm (0.4 in.) in diameter is mammography, a type of radiography using very sensitive x-ray film The image of the breast, called a mammogram, is best obtained by compressing the breasts, one at a time, using fiat plates
Cervical cancer, cancer of the uterine cervix, starts with cervical dysplasia, a change in the shape, growth, and number of cervical cells. The cells may either return to normal or progress to cancer. In most cases cervical cancer may be detected in its earliest stages by a Pap smear. Some evidence links cervical cancer to the virus that causes genital warts (human papilloma virus).
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): irregular or excessive bleeding resulting from a hormonal imbalance Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)-collection of physiological changes that occur prior to menstruation.
Dysmenorrhea (dys = difficult or painful;men = month; rrhea a flow) Painful menstruation; the term is usually reserved to describe
menstrual symptoms that are severe enough to prevent a woman from functioning normally for one or more days each month. Some cases are caused by uterine tumors, ovarian cysts, pelvic inflammatory disease, or intrauterine devices.
Dyspareunia (dys difficult, para = beside; enue = bed), Pain during intercourse. It may occur in the genital area or in the pelvic cavity, and may be due to inadequate lubrication, inflammation, infection, an improperly fitting diaphragm or cervical cap, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic tumors, or weakened uterine ligaments.
Erection, accompanied by increases in the length and width of the penis, is achieved as a result of blood flow into the “erectile tissues” of the penis.
Emission The term emission refers to the movement of semen into the urethra.
Ejaculation refers to the forcible expulsion of semen from the urethra out of the penis. Emission and ejaculation are stimulated by sympathetic nerves,
Endocervical curettage: A procedure in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrium of the uterus is scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette; commonly called a D and C (dilation and curettage).
Endometriosis endo = within; metri = uterus; -osis condition of or disease) is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. The tissue enters the pelvic cavity via the open uterine tubes and may be found in any of several sites-on the ovaries, the outer surface of the uterus, the sigmoid colon, pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes, the cervix, the abdominal wall, the kidneys, and the urinary bladder.
Epididymitis-infection of the epididymis.
Fibroids (fibro fiber, eidos = resemblance) Noncancerous tumors in the myometrium of the uterus composed of muscular and fibrous tissue. Their growth appears to be related to high levels of estrogens. They do not occur before puberty and usually stop growing after menopause. Symptoms include abnormal menstrual bleeding, and pain or pressure in the pelvic area.
Hypermenorrhea: Extremely heavy or long periods (one guideline is soaking a sanitary napkin or tampon every hour or so, or menstruating for longer than 7 days)
Labor Powerful contractions of the uterus are needed to expel the fetus in the sequence of events called labor.
Male Fertility: The approximate volume of semen for each ejaculation is 1.5 to 5.0 milliliters. The bulk of this fluid (45% to 80%) is produced by the seminal vesicles, and 15% to 30% is contributed by the prostate. There are usually between 60 and 150 million sperm per milliliter of ejaculate. A sperm concentration below about 20 million per milliliter is termed oligospermia (oligo = few) and is associated with decreased fertility. A total sperm count below about 50 million per ejaculation is clinically significant in male infertility.
Menarche: is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans.
Menopause: The term menopause means literally “pause in the menses” and refers to the cessation of ovarian activity and menstruation that occurs at about the age of 50.
Menorrhagia (meno menstruation; rhage = to burst forth), Excessively prolonged or profuse menstrual period. May be due to a disturbance in hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle, pelvic infection, medications (anticoagulants), fibroids, endometriosis, or intrauterine devices.
Metrorrhagia – is the vaginal bleeding between regular menstrual cycle, is probably the most significant form of menstrual dysfunction because it may signal cancer, benign tumors of the uterus or other gynecological problems
Oogenesis. During meiosis, each primary oocyte produces a single haploid gamete. If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it forms a second polar body and its nucleus fuses with that of the sperm cell to become a zygote.
Oophorectomy: Removal of the ovaries.
Ovarian cyst The most common form of ovarian tumor, in which a fluid-filled follicle or corpus luteum persists and continues growing.
Papanicolaou test or Pap smear > A test to detect uterine cancer in which a few cells from the cervix and the part of the vagina surrounding the cervix are removed with a swab and examined microscopically. Malignant cells have a characteristic appearance that allows diagnosis even before symptoms occur.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) A collective term for any extensive bacterial infection of the pelvic organs, especially the uterus, uterine tubes, or ovaries, which is characterized by pelvic soreness, lower back pain, abdominal pain, and urethritis. Often the early symptoms of PID occur just after menstruation. As infection spreads and cases advance, fever may develop, along with painful abscesses of the reproductive organs.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a cyclical disorder of severe physical and emotional distress. It appears during the postovulatory phase of the female reproductive cycle and dramatically disappears when menstruation begins
Polymenorrhea: Too-frequent periods (defined as more frequently than every 21 days)
Salpingectomy (salpingo tube) Removal of a uterine (fallopian) tube
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