Completing sentence – The course is designed to develop communication skills in English and computer and information technology (ICT) of the learners. Communicative English includes the basic grammatical structures of English and basic semantics, basic reading and listening techniques for constructing informal writings; reading selected English literature; listening to selected English media; use of expressions for easy communication in daily life such as exchanging information, greeting, shopping, application, past, present & future activities, liking & disliking etc; giving English oral presentations; and writing formal letters and essays.
Study and practice in reading and writing on related topics from nursing textbooks/journals/magazines & note taking, referencing; improvement of reading and writing abilities with emphasis on review of vocabularies, sentence structure, organization, development of oral presentation; developing writing skills Business letters, application & CV; report writing, editing, proof reading, translation and professional writings-meeting minutes; improvement of speaking and listening abilities with establishing communication and making arguments.
Computer and information technology is designed for understanding of using computer and information technology; it applications in nursing field; application programs for Microsoft Word processing, Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations, Networking and Communication through internet and World Wide Web applications.
Completing sentence
What is completing sentence?
কোন Incomplete (অসম্পূর্ণ) Sentence কে grammar এর নিয়ম-কানুন অনুসরণ করে সংগতিপূর্ণ phrase/clause দিয়ে Complete (সম্পূর্ণ) করার প্রক্রিয়াকেই Completing Sentence বলে।
নিম্নে Completing Sentence এর অতি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু structure দেখানো হলো:
Too……. To
(a) The man is took week …………….
Ans: The man is too weak to walk. (লোকটি এতটা দূর্বল যে হাঁটতে পারে না।)
(b) He is to honest …………………..
Ans: He is too honest to tell a lie.
উপরের বাক্য দু’টিতে দেখা যাচ্ছে, adjective এর পূর্বে too ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে এবং পরের অংশ to + verb যোগে লেখা হয়েছে। সর্বোপরি, to যুক্ত অংশ অর্থগতভাবে negative ধরে সংগতিপূর্ণ একটি verb লিখতে হয়। উভয় অংশের verb এর docr একই। এবার নিচের উদাহরণগুলো দেখঃ
(a) It is too difficult …………………..
Ans: It is too difficult for me to solve.
(b) The water is too hot …………………..
Ans: The water is too hot for me to drink.
(c) The question is too hard ………………..
Ans: The question is too hard for the students to solve.
এখানে দেখা যাচ্ছে, to যুক্ত verb টির doer ও subject এক নয়। তাই এখানে to যুক্ত verb টির doer কে for যোগে object করা হয়েছে। এভাবে, too + adjective থাকলে, negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে এমন একটি বাক্যাংশ to + verb যোগে লিখে বাক্যটি সম্পূর্ণ করতে হবে। মনে রাখবে, to যুক্ত verb টির doer ও subject ভিন্ন হলে doer কে for যোগে object করে to যুক্ত verb টির পূর্বে লিখতে হবে।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) Della saved too small an amount to ………….
(b) I was too young to ……………..
(c) They walked too slowly ……………
(d) He is too fool ……………
(e) Mr. Habib is too strict an administrator to ………………..
So………. that
( a) The man was so tired………….
Ans: The man was so tired that he could not walk.
(b) I am so strong …………….
Ans: I am so strong that I can carry this heavy load.
(c) Rahim is so rich ……………………..
Ans: Rahim is so rich that he can help you.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে, so that এর ব্যবহার করে ‘এত এমন অভিব্যক্তি প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে। কারণ প্রকাশক অংশের Adjective বা Adverb এর পূর্বে so বসানো হয়েছে এবং ফলাফল অংশের শুরুতে that ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখবে, যেহেতু উভয় অংশে subject s verb রয়েছে, তাই এই Conjunction একটি Complex Sentence গঠন করে।
Exercise
Fill in gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) English is so difficult that ………….
(b) He is so weak that ………….
(c) He is so dishonest that ………………..
(d) He was so foolish that ……………
(e) He ran so quickly ……………….
In order that/So that
(a) He worked hard so that ……….
Ans: He worked hard so that he could pass the examination.
(b) Man eats so that …………
Ans: Man eats so that he may live.
(c) A soft wind came so that …………….
Ans: A soft wind came so that it could blow the ship.
(d) We eat in order that …………..
Ans: We eat in order that we may live.
(e) The students studied regularly in order that they might succeed in exam.
In order that/So that ব্যবহার করে ‘যেন’ বা ‘যাতে’ এমন অভিব্যক্তি প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে। অর্থাৎ প্রথমে ব্যবহৃত কাজটির কি উদ্দেশ্য তা প্রকাশ করার জন্য In order that / So that ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। এই Conjunction এর ক্ষেত্রে পরবর্তী subject এর পরে can/ could/ may/ might বসে।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) We eat so that …………….
(b) We take exercise so that……………….
(c) He always flatters his boss so that………………….
(d) He worked hard so that………………………
(e) She went to bazar in order that…………………….
Provided/ Provided that / Providing that/ If/ Unless
(a) I shall go out provided…………..
→I shall to out provided it does not rain.
(b) She will come to visit us next Sunday provided that……………
→She will come to visit us next Sunday provided that there is no hartal.
(c) You will not get a good grade unless………….
→You will not get a good grade unless you read attentively.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে Provided / Provided that / Providing that / If Unless যুক্ত অংশ শর্ত এবং অপর অংশ সম্ভাব্য ফলাফল প্রকাশ করেছে। এক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত শর্তযুক্ত অংশ Present Simple Tense হয় এবং ফলাফল অংশ Future Tense হয়। মনে রাখবে, Unless অর্থ যদি না’। তাই Unless যুক্ত বাক্য Negative।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) If you take exercise regularly………..
(b) I will go to college provided…………..
(c) You will succeed providing that………….
(d) I will attend the meeting unless……………
(e) You cannot expect love unless…………..
Would that/ I wish
(a) I wish I…………
→ I wish I were a rich man.
(b) I wish I could………..
→ I wish I could visit such wonderful places.
(c) I had the wings of a dove………………..
→I wish I had the wings of a dove.
(d) Would that……………
→Would that I could buy a 3D TV.
উপরের বাক্যগুলো অসম্ভব ইচ্ছা, উচ্ছ্বাস, জল্পনা প্রভৃতি প্রকাশ করেছে। অর্থাৎ অসম্ভব ইচ্ছা, উচ্ছ্বাস, কল্পনা- এ ধরনের অভিব্যক্তি বুঝাতে Would that/I wish ব্যবহার করা হয়। এর পরের অংশে ‘Be’ verb হিসেবে were বসে এবং অন্য verb হলে তার পূর্বে would/could ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) I wish I…………..
(b)I wish I could……………
(c) I had a BMW car…………….
(d) Would that…………….
(e) I wish……………..
(f) He wishes…………
(g) We wish………….
(h) You wish…………..
(i) Rina wishes…………..
(j) Shefali wishes…………..
Lest
(a) The students walked faster lest………….
→The students walked faster lest they should miss the train.
(b) Kamal read attentively……………
→Kamal read attentively lest he should fail in the examination.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে Lest Conjuction টি ‘এই ভয়ে যে / যাতে না’ অর্থ প্রকাশ করেছে। মনে রাখবে, Lest থাকলে এর পরে Subject + should+ verb সমন্বয়ে একটি সম্পূর্ণ বাক্য বসিয়ে বাক্যের অর্থ complete করতে হয়।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases
(a) Avoid mistakes lest………….
(b) Drink pure water lest you………….
(c) Do not make so much delay lest……………
(d) He walked fast lest…………..
(e) He ran to the station lest…………….
(f) He reads attentively lest…………….
(g) lest you should fail to cash your cheque……………..
(h) Read diligently/ attentively lest……………
(1) The old man walks slowly lest……………
(j) Walk fast lest………….
Noun Clause
(a)………………. is uncertain.
Ans: That he will come is uncertain.
(b)…………… is unknown.
Ans: What he said is unknown to me.
(c) I cannot understandendt…………………
Ans: I cannot understand why he is absent today.
(d) We know that………………
Ans: We know that the earth moves round the sun.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে verb এর পূর্বে বা পরে Gap রয়েছে। তাই এখানে Noun Clause ব্যবহার করে বাক্যটি সম্পূর্ণ করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখবে, এর শুরুতে একটি Conjunction এর পর Subject + verb + বাকী অংশ লিখে একটি অর্থপূর্ণ বাক্য গঠন করতে হবে।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) Do you believe…………….
(b) Do you still remember…………..
(c) His silence proves that…………
(d) He said that…………..
Adjective Clause
(a) I saw a man who…………..
→ I saw a man who was walking along this road.
(b) I have thrown away the vase which…………….
→ I have thrown away the vase which was broken yesterday
(c) The man who is my brother……………
→The man who came yesterday is my brother.
(d) Our agriculture which……………..
→Our agriculture which is the main factor of our economy depends on water
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যাচ্ছে, Noun বা Pronoun এর পর Gap রয়েছে। আমরা জানি Noun বা Pronoun কে Adjective বর্ণনা করে। তাই এখানে ঐ Noun বা Pronoun কে বর্ণনা করে এমন একটি Adjective Clause গঠন করে বাক্যটি পূর্ণ করা হয়েছে। এক্ষেত্রে অবস্থান অনুযায়ী কখনো Relative Pronoun + Verb দিয়ে Clause গঠন করা হয় বা কখনো কখনো Relative Pronoun + Subject + Verb দিয়ে Clause গঠন করা হয়।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) It is I who…………….
(b) A man who catches at a straw………………
(c) A patriot is he……………….
(d) A child which is burnt…………….
(e) A country that has………………..
As if/As though
As if as though এর অর্থ ‘যেন’। এখন নিচে এর ব্যবহার লক্ষ কর।
(a) He sounds as if………….
→He sounds as if he were mad.
(b) He proceeded as though………………
→He proceeded as though I had not spoken.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যাচ্ছে, as if as though অবাস্তব তুলনা করতে ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। সাধারণত Look, smell, sound, talk, speak- এর পরে as if as though ব্যবহার করে Incomplete Sentence complete করা যায়। মনে রাখবে, এক্ষেত্রে প্রথম অংশ Present হলে পরের অংশ past হবে। আবার প্রথম অংশ past হলে পরের অংশ Past Perfect হবে।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) He speaks as if……………
(b) He pretends as if………….
(c) He talked as though………………
(d) He acted as if…………….
(e) He acts as though……………
In spite of/Despite
In spite of/ Despite এর অর্থ ‘সত্ত্বেও’। এখন নিচে এর ব্যবহার লক্ষ কর।
(a) In spite of his poverty…………..
→ In spite of his poverty he is honest.
(b) In spite of his weak brain he………………
→ In spite of his weak brain he passed the final exam
(c) Despite his little power………………
→ Despite his little power he is neglected.
(d) He failed in spite of………………
→He failed in spite of his reading attentively.
In spite of, despite যুক্ত Incomplete Sentence কে Complete করার জন্য বিপরীত অর্থবোধক একটি বাক্যাংশ ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। এক্ষেত্রে Subject Verb বাকী অংশ ব্যবহার করা হয়। তবে In spite of/ Despite এর পর Gap থাকলে এর পর অর্থানুযায়ী ing যুক্ত Verb বা Noun কমবে।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) In spite of having no qualifications,………
(b) In spite of ………… Jerry could chop wood like a grown up man.
(c) In spite of her being talkative,…………….
(d) In spite of its being early in the year for salmon,………………
(e) In spite of …………….. Rubel could not pass the examination
Before/After
Past Perfect Tense এর ক্ষেত্রে before and after এর দ্বারা Incomplete Sentence কে Complete করতে হয়। লক্ষ কর:
(a) He had ploughed the land before………….
→He had ploughed the land before he sowed the seeds
(b) I met him after………………..
→I met him after he had written the letter.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যাচ্ছে, before/after এরপর Gap থাকায় অর্থপূর্ণ একটি বাক্যাংশ ব্যবহার করে বাক্যটি পূর্ণ করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখতে হবে, প্রদত্ত বাক্যাংশের সাথে সংগতি রেখে Subject + Verb + Extension ব্যবহার করে বাক্যাংশটি লিখতে হবে। মনে রাখতে হবে, before এর আগে এবং after এর পরে Past Perfect Present Perfect Tense ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
Exercise
Fill in he gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) I will have reached before…………………
(b) …………………..after I had finished the work
(c) He was given the job after………………..
(d) The train had left the station before………………….
(e) …………………..after the teacher had went out of the classroom.
On Account of/ Because of
On account of (কারণে), Because of (কারণে)। এই Phrasal Preposition গুলো Simple Sentence এ কারণ উল্লেখ করার উদ্দেশ্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়। লক্ষ কর।
(a) On account of his illness,……………….
→ On account of his illness, he could not join the class.
(b) Because of his ill health,……………….
→Because of his ill health, he could not join the Army
(c) He succeeded because of………………
→He succeeded because of his working hard.
উপরের বাকাগুলোত্রে দেখা যাচ্ছে, On account of/Because of a পর কারণ নির্দেশক Phrase এবং অপর অংশে ফলাফল প্রকাশক বাক্যাংশ ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখবে, On account of/Because of এরপর Gap থাকলে এরপর কারণ নির্দেশক phrase ব্যবহার করতে হবে। এক্ষেত্রে ing যুক্ত verb বা noun বসবে। আবার, on account of Because of + কারণ নির্দেশক phrase এর পর gap থাকলে এরপর ফলাফল প্রকাশক বাক্যাংশ ব্যবহার করতে হবে। এক্ষেত্রে অবশ্যই Subject + Verb থাকতে হবে।।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) You cannot eat any more because of………….
(b) Because of…………… the ice was all around them.
(c) Because of the asters being now gone,…………………….
(d) ……………….because of the owner of the house being not in.
(e) Della sold her hair because of…………………..
Instead of/ In lieu of (পরিবর্তে)
একটি জিনিসা বা বিষয়ের পরিবর্তে অন্য একটি জিনিস বা বিষয় নেওয়া বা পছন্দ করা বুঝাতে এ phrase দুটি ব্যবহৃত হয়। মনে রাখবে, এরপর ing যুক্ত verb বা noun বসবে। যেমন:
(a) He took Mathematics instead of………………………
→He took Mathematics instead of Biology.
(b) Instead of going ………………………
→ Instead of going there, he came back
(c) In lieu of Logic………………………
→In lieu of Logic, he took Social Welfare.
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) In lieu of……………………… I will go for shopping
(b) Instead of………………………I will eat meat.
(c) He prefers to stay at home instead of………………………
(d) I like taking soft drinks in lieu of………………………
(e) I eat roti instead of………………………
Enough to (যথেষ্ট/প্রচুর)
এ শব্দটি Noun এর পূর্বে ও Adjective/Adverb এর পরে বসে কোনো ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর সামর্থ্য প্রকাশ করে। এটি simple Sentence এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Sub+ to be Enough Noun + Infinitive phrase. যেমন-
(a) He has enough money………………………
→He has enough money to buy a new car.
(b) The man was rich enough………………………
→The man was rich enough to maintain his family.
(c) He was strong enough………………………
→He was strong enough to lift the load.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যাচ্ছে, Enough to এর পর Gap থাকলে এরপর অর্থপূর্ণ একটি Veth de Base form Extension ব্যবহার করে বাকাটি পূর্ণ করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখবে, to যুক্ত verb টির Doer ও Subject কিন্তু হলে doer কে for যোগে object করে to যুক্ত verb টির পূর্বে লিখতে হবে।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) Jerry was large hearted enough to………………………
(b) The man was curious enough to………………………
(c) I was busy enough to………………………
(d) Jerry was honest enough to………………………
(e) He spoke loudly enough………………………
Would you mind
কোনো ব্যক্তিকে কোনো কিছু করার জন্য অনুরোধ করতে এই কাঠামোটি ব্যবহার করা হয়। এরপর gerund (verb + ing)+ বাকি অংশ বসে। লক্ষ করঃ
(a) Would you mind………………………
→Would you mind giving the newspaper.
(b) Would you………………………
→Would you mind telling the fact.
(c) Would you mind………………………
→Would you mind having a cup of tear alltid
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) Would you mind………………………
(b) Would you mind………………………
(c) Would you mind………………………
(d) Would you mind………………………
(e) Would you mind………………………
Let Alone
কোনো কিছু ভাবা যায় না, চিন্তা করা যায় না, বাদ দেওয়া, ছেড়ে দেওয়া ইত্যাদি অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে let alone ব্যবহারকরা হয়। Let alone এর পরে এক বা একাধিক শব্দ ব্যবহারের মাধ্যমে Incomplete sentence কে complete করা হয়। যেমন-
(a) He cannot run a hundred metres let alone………………………
→He cannot run a hundred metres let alone a kilometre.
(b) I cannot afford one meal per day let alone……………………….
→ cannot afford one meal per day let alone square meals.
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) They cannot buy a fan let alone………………
(b) He cannot pass in 3d class let alone………………
(c) Most of the village people cannot buy an LCD TV let alone……………………….
(d) We do not know what to ask let alone………………………
(e) He cannot speak well let alone………………………
As/Since/Because
As (যেহেতু), since (যেহেতু), because (কারণ) কারণ প্রকাশক অংশের শুরুতে বসে। অপর অংশ ঐ কারণের ফলাফল প্রকাশ করে। লক্ষ
(a) Since I was ill,………………
→Since I was ill, I could not attend college:
(b)……………… because he studied hard.
→He passed in the fist division because he studied hard.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যাচ্ছে, Since/As/ Because এর পরপরই Gap থাকলে তা কারণ প্রকাশক একটি বাক্যাংশ দিয়ে পূর্ণ করতে হয়। আবার + বাক্যাংশ দেয়া থাকলে অপর অংশ ফলাফল প্রকাশক একটি বাক্যাংশ দিয়ে পূর্ণ করতে হয়। মনে রাখবে উভয় অংশে subject ও verb থাকবে।
Exercise
Complete the following sentences.
(a) As he was tired,………………
(b) As it was raining………………
(c)……………… as it did not rain in time.
(d) As she was ill……………….
(e) As my father was away from home,………………
(f)……………… as he is truthful.
(g)………………as he was mistaken.
(h)……………… because he is not attentive to study.
(i)……………… because he was tired.
(j)………………because she was misbehaved.
Though/ Although (যদিও)
Though/ Although অর্থ ‘যদিও’। এটি একটি subordinating conjunction বা Complex Sentence Adverbial Clause গঠন করতে ব্যবহৃত হয়। লক্ষ কর:
(a) Though he was poor……………..
→ Though he was poor, he had not complaint.
(b) Although they had no car…………………
→Although they had no car , they came in time.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে, Though/Although এর পরে বৈপরীত্য প্রকাশ করে এমন একটি Clause ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখবে, Though/Although যুক্ত Clause প্রথমে থাকলে কমা দিয়ে দ্বিতীয় Clause লিখতে হয় এবং উভয় অংশে সাধারণত একই Tense হয়।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases,
(a) ………..although it was raining heavily.
(b) Although he is late,………….
(c) Although Rana worked hard,…………..
(d) Though he is rich,…………
(e) Though he had a lot of well-wishers,………….
It is time/ It is high time
It is time/It is high time এর অর্থ এখনই সময়। অর্থাৎ কী কাজ করার এখনই সময় তা প্রকাশ করার জন্য It is time/ It is high time ব্যবহার করা হয়।
(a) It is time for us to start our work.
(b) It is high time we left the programme
(c) It is high time………….
→It is high time you helped me.
(d) It is high time……….
→It is high time they helped the flood affected people.
(e) It is high time…………
→It is high time they cooperated with their enemies.
উপরে বাক্যে দেখা যাচ্ছে It is time/ It is high time বাবা simple এবং complex sentence গঠন করা হয়। Simple sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে It is time এর পরে সাধারণত infinitive বা infinitive phrase ব্যবহার করা হয়। কিন্তু complex sentence গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে It is high time এর পরবর্তী বাক্যাংশের মূল Verb কে সবসময় Past form এ রাখতে হয়। [আবার কখনও কখনও It is time এর পরে (For + noun/pronoun) ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) It is time………………………
(b) It is high time………………………
(c) It is time………………………
(d) It is high time………………………
(e) It is high time………………………
No sooner….. than / Scarcely… when/ Hardly… when sooner…..
No than/Scarcely… when/Hardly… when কোন কাজ ঘটতে না ঘটতেই অন্য আরেকটি কাজ ঘটেছে এমন অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে ব্যবহার করা হয়। এগুলো দ্বারা complex sentence গঠন করা হয়।
(a) No sooner had the thief seen the policeman………………………
→ No sooner had the thief seen the policeman than he ran away
(b) Hardly had we reached the station………………………
→Hardly had we reached the station when the train left.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যায়, No sooner/ Scarcely Hardly যুক্ত clause সাধারণত Past perfect tense হয়। আর অন্য Clause টি than/when যোগে Past Simple Tense হয়। মনে রাখবে, No sooner যেহেতু Comparative তাই এ বাক্যে than বসবে। আর Scarcely/Hardly থাকলে when বসবে।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) Hardly had I reached the station………………………
(b) Hardly had I seen the thief………………………
(c) No sooner had I reached the station………………………
(d) No sooner had the doctor gone………………………
Correlatives
Not only……. but also
Not only………..but also এর অর্থ হল ‘শুধু (এটা) নয়…… বরং (ওটাও)’। নিচের বাকাগুলো দেখ।
(a) He is not only a doctor………………………
→He is not only a doctor but also a teacher.
(b) He gave me not only a pen………………………
→He gave me not only a pen but also a book.
উপরের বাকাগুলোতে দেখা যায় দু’টি সমগোত্রীয় clause কে একত্রে প্রকাশের উদ্দেশ্যে Not only but also এর ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখবে, Not only যে ধরনের Parts of Speech এর পূর্বে বসবে, But also এর পর সেই ধরনের Parts of Speech বসিয়ে বাক্যটি পূর্ণ করতে হবে।
Either………. or (হয়……. অথবা)
Either…… or এর অর্থ হল ‘হয় এটা না হয় ওটা’।
নিচের বাক্যগুলো দেখ।
(a) Either Bakul or Mukul broke the glass.
(b) He is either a footballer or a crickter.
(c) She either slept or cooked.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যায় দু’টির মধ্যে কোনো একটি বুঝাতে either ……… or ব্যবহার করা হয়। মনে রাখবে, either যে ধরনের Parts of Speech এর পূর্বে বসবে, or এর পর সেই ধরনের Parts of speech বসিয়ে বাক্যটি পূর্ণ করতে হবে।
Neither………. nor (এমনও নয়…. তেমনও নয়)
Neither………nor এর অর্থ হল ‘এটাও না…… ওটাও না’। এ ধরনের বাক্যের গঠন Either……. or দ্বারা গঠিত বাক্যের মতই। নিচের বাক্যগুলো দেখা
(a) Neither Tina nor Trina went there.
(b) They neither ate nor drank.
(c) She is neither a singer nor a dancer.
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যায়, দুটির মধ্যে কোনটা বুঝাতে neither nor ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখবে, neither যে ধরনের Parts of Speech এর পূর্বে বসবে, nor এর পর সেই ধরনের Parts of Speech বসিয়ে বাক্যটিকে পূর্ণ করতে হবে। Or, এর অর্থ হলো ‘অথবা’। নিচের বাক্যগুলো দেখঃ
He has lost his purse, or it has been stolen. উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে দেখা যায়, উল্লেখিত কাজটির বিপরীত হলে তার ফলাফল কী হতে পারে বা হবে তা বুঝাতেও of ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। মনে রাখবে, সাধারণত প্রথম বাক্যাংশ যে কাঠামোতে থাকে, দ্বিতীয় বাক্যাংশও সেই কাঠামোতে লিখে বাক্যটি পূরণ করতে হবে।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) Corrupted persons are not only dishonest………………………
(b) I eat either roti………………………
(c) I shall buy neither a shirt………………………
(d) Mr Ali is not only rich………………………
(e) You can go to Sylhet either by bus………………………
Until/ Till (যতক্ষণ পর্যন্ত না)
Till অর্থ পর্যন্ত এবং Until অর্থ না পর্যন্ত। সাধারণতঃ কোনো comples sentence & et subordinating conjunction দুটো ব্যবহার কর হয়। যেমন-
They walked till they reached the station.
Wait here until I come back.
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) Wait here………………………
(b) We cannot keep our body fit………………………
(c)……………………… as long as it rains.
(d) ………………………as long as there is life.
(e) As soon as saw him………………………
Since (কোন নির্দিষ্ট ঘটনার পর থেকে/ হাতে)
Since এর অর্থ ‘থেকে/হতে’। এরপরে Time প্রকাশক Clause Action প্রকাশক Clause দুটোই বসতে পারে। নীচের বাক্যগুলোতে এর ব্যবহার লক্ষ কর। Phrase বসলে তা হয় Noun/Gerund Clause বসলে সেখানে since দ্বারা গঠিত subordinate clause Principal Clause টির সাথে Tense এর দিক থেকে সঙ্গতি রক্ষা করে ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-
(a) Many years have passed since we first met (Action প্রকাশক Clause)
(b) He had been living in the orphanage since he was four (Time প্রকাশক Clause)
(c) It was many years since his father had left the village, (Action প্রকাশক Clause)
উপরের বাক্যগুলোতে Since এর ব্যবহার দেখে আমরা বুঝতে পারি যে Action প্রকাশক Clause গঠনে প্রথম বাক্যাংশ Present Tense দ্বিতীয় বাক্যাংশ Past Indefinite Tense এ গঠিত হয় এবং প্রবণ বাক্যাংশ Past Indefinite Tense এ গঠিত হলে দ্বিতীয় বাক্যাংশ Past Perfect Tense এ গঠন করতে হয়। তবে Time প্রকাশক Claus এর ক্ষেত্রে তা সাধারণত Past Indefinite Tense হয় এবং শুনা বাক্যাংশ Present Perfect Continuous Tense এ গঠন করতে হয়।
Exercise
Fill in the gaps with suitable clauses or phrases.
(a) Five years have passed since………………………
(b) It is a long time………………………
(c) It was many years since………………………
(d)It is long since………………………
(e) Ten years have passed since………………………
Conditional
- First Conditional Sentence: বর্তমানে বা ভবিষ্যতে কোন একটি শর্ত পূরণ হলে ভবিষ্যতে একটি কাজ হবে বোঝাতে আমরা
First Condition ব্যবহার করি।
If I go home, I will inform you.
I will inform you if I go home.
If you are late, you’ll miss the class.
If you read attentively, you will pass.
If you work hard, you will prosper in life.
প্রথম বাকো If I go home এর অর্থ আমি যদি বাড়ি যাই অর্থাৎ আমার বাড়ি যাওয়ার সম্ভাবনা আছে। আবার নাও যেতে পারি। মনে রাখবে, If clause টি present হলেও অন্য clause টি future হবে।
- Second Conditional Sentence: বর্তমান বা ভবিষ্যতের কোন অবাস্তব, অসম্ভাবনীয় বা অপ্রত্যাশিত ব্যাপার বোঝাতে Second Conditional বা Improbable Conditional ব্যবহৃত হয়।
(a) If I had a mobile phone, I would let you use it.
(b) If you tried again, you would succeed.
(c) If I were you, I would plant some trees.
(d) If a burglar came into my room I would scream
(e) If I were the prime Minister, I would try to remove illiteracy.
প্রথম Sentence- এ If I had a mobile phone এর অর্থ যদি মোবাইল ফোন থাকত’ অর্থাৎ আমার মোবাইল ফোন নাই এবং অতীতের কোনো ঘটনাও না। মনে রাখবে, If clause টি যদি Past Indefinite Tense এ হয় এবং
Principal Clause এর Structure টি িহবে।
Subject + would/might + verb এর মূল রূপ।
Note to Remember:
⇒ যদি হওয়া বুঝায় তবে সব Person ও Number এর পরে Be Verb এর স্থানে were বসে। যেমন: If I were you, I would establish a college.
If we were rich, we would help the needy people.
⇒ নিশ্চয়তা বুঝাতে would,
⇒ সামর্থ্য বুঝাতে could এবং
⇒সম্ভাবনা বুঝাতে might ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Third Conditional Sentence(Or Impossible Conditional Sentence):
অতীতে একটি শর্ত পূরণ হলে পাশাপাশি অন্য কাজটি হত বা ঘটত। কিন্তু অতীতের প্রথম শর্তটি পূরণ না হওয়ায় দ্বিতীয় কাজটি সম্পন্ন হয়নি, এমন বুঝাতে Third Conditional ব্যবহার করা হয়।
(a) If you had studied hard, you could have passed in the examination.
(b) If I had known that you were in home, I would have met you.
(c) If you had come earlier, you could have bought some fish. failed in the exam.
(d) If you had neglected your studies, you cold have
(e) If father hadn’t been away, I wouldn’t have missed your party.
উপরের বাকাগুলোতে আমরা দেখতে পাই, Conjunction যুক্ত বাক্যাংশটি যদি Past Perfect Tense এ পঠিত হয়, তাহলে অপর বাক্যাংশটি গঠিত হবে Past of the ‘Future Perfect Tense’ অর্থাৎ অপর বাক্যাংশের Subject এর পর would have+ মূল verb এর past participle form ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
কখনও কখনও বাক্যের শুরুতে if/an case না বসে সাহায্যকারী verb হিসেবে had বসে ‘যদি’ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। যেমন-
Had I got the telephone call carlier, I would have started for home.
Exercise
01.
(a) There goes a proverb that……………….
(b) Though lost wealth can be regained by hard work, lost time……………….
(c) Time is so valuable that……………….
(d) Those who cannot shine in life………………..
(e)………………., you must be successful.
02.
(a) Books are our best friends because……………….
(b) A man who reads books regularly……………….
(c) By reading book………………
(d) We can learn moral values……………….
(e) We should inspire the students……………….
03.
(a) It is said that……………….
(b) In youth the mind is so soft that……………….
(c) If we lose the morning hours of life……………….
(d) We will reap good harvest……………….
(e) On the other hand, if we remain lazy……………….
04.
(a) Five years have passed since……………….
(b) Hardly had the assembly began……………….
(c)………………. lest you should miss the plane.
(d) Danger often comes……………….
(e) The lady speaks as if……………….
05.
(a) This is Bangladesh……………….
(b) The people of Bangladesh are friendly though……………….
(c) When anyone falls in danger, others………………..
(d) We love and help one another as if ……………….
(e) We work seriously in order that Bangladesh……………….
06.
(a) He pretends as if……………….
(b) It is high time……………….
(c) Walk slowly lest……………….
(d)……………….cannot succeed.
(e) Had I seen you before……………….
07.
(a) Cricket is a game………………..
(b) Boys and girls of our country……………….
(c) Though cricket is a costly game,……………….
(d) Hangladesh is a test playing country……………….
(c)………………. to upgrade the standard.
08.
(a) Slum dwellers are so poor
(b) As they live there in an mhuman condition,
(c) Although they do hard labour from dawn to dusk
(d) Come forward to help them lest
(e) Only then they will be able to
09.
(a) Smoking is a habit which (b) Many people go on smoking though
(c) we will suffer a lot.
(d) People can’t give up smoking easily because.
(e) So attempts must be taken by us to
10.
(a) Acid rain is harmful because.
(b) The wind was so strong that. (c) Had he been a little careful
(d) They were frightened when
(e) Take your umbrella lest
11.
(a) He asked me
(b) how it can be done
(c) Hardly had he started for school
(d) He told me that
(e) there is a way.
12.
(a) An educational institution is a seat of learning so
(b) it should be a peaceful place where
(c) But now-a-days peaceful atmosphere is absent from educational institutions because
(d) The students who
(e) The sooner it can be controlled, the
13.
(a) We come to know about the happenings of home and abroad if
(b) People read newspaper lest.
(c) Many students do not read newspaper regularly
(d) Many people carn their living by
(e) I become happy when
14.
(a) 1971 is the year when
(b) Though Bangladesh has limited natural resources
(c) because he is not attentive to shidy
(d) Be truthful if
(e) His silence proves that
(a) Yesterday I could not get up from bed in time because
(b) As soon as I got up from bed
(c) Since I could not avail the bus,
(d) On the way to school. I walked fust lest
(e) If I reached late
16.
(a) Five years have passed since
(b) It is a matter of sorrow that
(c) I tried to write to you but.
(d) In fact, we all are always.
(e) We hope that we
17.
(a) Many people cut trees………………
(b) Trees cause rainfall which………………
(c) If we cut trees at random………………
(d) Trees supply oxygen………………
(e) Since trees help us in many ways-………………
18.
(a) If you do not waste your time,………………
(b) This is the boy who………………
(c)……………. I were a child
(d) United we stand,………………
(e) The boy is so weak in mathematics………………
19.
(a) United we stand,………………
(b) It is high time we………………
(c) Unless you are united,………………
(d)…………..-know this wise saying?
(e) The story of the old man and his sons teaches us………………
20.
(a) No sooner had I reached home than………………
(b) He was so lazy that………………
(c) It is health which………………
(d) He succeeded though………………
(e) As our elders love us,………………
21.
(a)……………. if he told me.
(b) The answer that he………………
(c) Finishing the work,………………
(d) I saw my mother………………
(e) To walk in the morning………………
22.
(a) As flower is a symbol of love, beauty and purity ………………
(b) There is hardly any person………………
(c) We can turn our enemies into friends if we………………
(d) It is said that those who do not love flowers………………
(e) Many people cultivate flowers because………………
23.
(a) Yesterday I did not get up early from bed because-………………
(b) As soon as I got up from bed,………………
(c) As I could not hire a rickshaw,………………
(d) On the way to school I walked fast lest,………………
(e) If I reached late,………………
24.
(a) We must work hard in order that………………
(b) A man who cannot shine in life………………
(c) It is hard labour that………………
(d) The idle cannot reach their target because-………………
(e)……………… unless you work hard
25.
(a) Men consider books best friends as………………
(b) You may not get good friends to be on your side when………………
(c) But there are books that………………
(d) Books are thought to be your real friends as long………………
(e) So, if you read books properly,………………
Solutions to Completing Sentences
01.
(a) There goes a proverb that time and tide wait for none
(b) Though lost wealth can be regained by hard word, lost time can never be regained
(c) Time is so valuable that time once lost is lost for ever
(d) Those who waste time can not shine in life.
(e) If you make proper use of time, you must be successful.
02.
(a) Books are our best friends because they are always ready to be beside us
(b) A man who reads books regularly is able to know many things
(c) By reading books we can earn knowledge
(d) We can learn moral values by reading books
(e) We should inspire the students to read books (
(a) It is said that youth is the golden period of life
(b) In youth the mind is so soft that it can be shaped as you like
(c) If we lose the morning hours of life our later hours of life will be full of frustration.
(d) We will reap good harvest if we use the best of our youth
(e) On the other hand, if we remain lazy, we will suffer in the long run.
(a) Five years have passed since we met each other.
(b) Hardly had the assembly began when I reached school
(c) Hurry up lest you should miss the plane.
(d) Danger often comes when it is feared
(e) The lady speaks as if she knew everything
05.
(a) This is Bangladesh which is my motherland
(b) The people of Bangladesh are friendly though they are poor
(c) When anyone falls in danger, others come to help him.
(d) We love and help one another as if we are friends
(e) We work seriously in order that Bangladesh might prosper
(a) He pretends as if he were a mans
(b) It is high time we went to our village.
(c) Walk slowly lest you should fall down
(d) If you don’t read attentively, you cannot succeed.
(e) Had I seen you before, I would have informed you
07.
(a) Cricket is a game which attracts all classes of people
(b) Boys and girls of our country are very much fond of cricket.
(c) Though cricket is a costly game, it is liked by all
(d) Bangladesh is a test playing country, but its standard is not high
(e) It is essential to upgrade the standard.
08.
(a) Slum dwellers are so poor that they cannot make both ends.
(b) As they live there in an inhuman condition, they often suffer from various diseases
(c) Although they do hard labour from dawn to dusk, they cannot manage two square meals.
(d) Come forward to help them lest they should die from starvation and of disease.
(e) Only then they will be able to live a sound life
09.
(a) Smoking is a habit which tells upon our health.
(b) Many people go on smoking though they know its bad impact.
(c) If we smoke, we will suffer a lot.
(d) People can’t give up smoking easily because they become accustomed to it.
(e) So attempts must be taken by us to stop smoking
(a) Acid rain is harmful because it pollutes the environment.
(b) The wind was so strong that it blew some huts away.
(c) Had he been a little careful, he would not have made such a mistake.
(d) They were frightened when a ferocious lion roared.
(e) Take your umbrella lest you should be drenched in the rain.
(a) He asked me if I could recognize him.
(b) He will show me how it can be done.
(c) Hardly had he started for school when the rain started.
(d) He told me that honesty is the best policy.
(e) Where there is a will, there is a way.
12.
(a) An educational institution is a seat of learning so that a man can gain knowledge..
(b) It should be a peaceful place where a man can acquire knowledge without any fear.
(c) But now-a-days peaceful atmosphere is absent from educational institutions because of violence and terrorism
(d) The students who are engaged/involved in violence can never acquire a sound knowledge.
(e) The sooner it can be controlled, the better the result will be.
13.
(a) We come to know about the happenings of home and abroad if we read newspaper regularly
(b) People read newspaper lest they should remain ignorant of the current affairs.
(c) Many students do not read newspaper regularly as they do not know the importance of it
(d) Many people earn their living by selling newspaper
(e) I become happy when I get the daily newspaper in the early morning
(a) 1971 is the year when Bangladesh came into being/Bangladesh was born.
(b) Though Bangladesh has limited natural resources, it cannot utilize them properly.
(c) He cannot pass because he is not attentive to study.
(d) Be truthful if you want to gain others’ respe
(e) His silence proves that he is guilty
15.
(a) Yesterday I could not get up from bed in time because I was late to go to bed.
(b) As soon as I got up from bed, it was 7:00 am
(c) Since I could not avail the bus, started to walk
(d) On the way to school, I walked fast lest I should miss the class.
(e) If I reached late I would be taken to task
16.
(a) Five years have passed since we wrote to each other
(b) It is a matter of sorrow that you didn’t respond to my last letter.
(c) I tried to write to you but could not manage time
(d) In fact, we all are always busy with our own interest.
(e) We hope that we will meet soon.
17.
(a) Many people cut trees indiscriminately but do not plant any tree.
(b) Trees cause rainfall which is essential for cultivation
(c) If we cut trees at random, the country will soon lose ecological balance.
(d) Trees supply oxygen which we breathe in.
(e) Since trees help us in many ways, we should plant more trees.
18.
(a) If you do not waste your time, you will surely succeed in life.
(b) This is the boy who saved the life of an old man
(c) I wish I were a child.
(d) United we stand, divided we fall.
(e) The boy is so weak in mathematics that he cannot pass in any exam.
19.
(a) United we stand, divided we fall.
(b) It is high time we changed our habits.
(c) Unless you are united, you cannot prosper others may harm you.
(d) Who doesn’t know this wise saying?
(e) The story of the old man and his sons teaches us the truth that unity is strength.
20
(a) No sooner had I reached home than the rain started
(b) He was so lazy that he could not move.
(c) It is health which is wealth
(d) He succeeded though he was lazy
(e) As our elders love us, so we also should love them
21.
(a) I would come help you if he told me
(b) The answer that he has written is wrong/The answer that he wrote made was correct
(c) Finishing the work, the boy took rest for a while/ Finishing the work, I went to bed/ market
(d) I saw my mother going out of the house. I saw my mother cooking food in the kitchen
(e) To walk in the morning is good for health.
22.
(a) As flower is a symbol of love, beauty and purity, it is used in different occasions.
(b) There is hardly any person who dislikes flowers
(c) We can turn our enemies into friends if we treat them well with flowers
(d) It is said that those who do not love flowers are cruel
(e) Many people cultivate flowers because flower cultivation is profitable
23.
(a) Yesterday, I did not get up early from bed because I kept late hours the previous night.
(b) As soon as I got up from bed, I found that it was raining
(c) As I could not hire a rickshaw, I began to walk in the rain.
(d) On the way to school I walked fast lest should be late at school
(c) If I reached late, my classteacher would take me to task
(a) We must work hard in order that we can prosper/succeed.
(b) A man who is lazy/idle cannot shine in life.
(c) It is hard labour that makes a man successful
(d) The idle cannot reach their target because of their idleness
(e) You will not succeed unless you work hard.
(a) Men consider books best friends as a good book can help you like a friend.
(b) You may not get good friends to be on your side when you need them.
(c) But there are books that are always at your side
(d) Books are thought to be your real friends as long as you have existence on carth.
(e) So, if you read books properly, you will be benefited
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