Composition Writing | CHAPTER-19 | Communicative English for Nurses

Composition Writing – The course is designed to develop communication skills in English and computer and information technology (ICT) of the learners. Communicative English includes the basic grammatical structures of English and basic semantics, basic reading and listening techniques for constructing informal writings; reading selected English literature; listening to selected English media; use of expressions for easy communication in daily life such as exchanging information, greeting, shopping, application, past, present & future activities, liking & disliking etc; giving English oral presentations; and writing formal letters and essays.

Study and practice in reading and writing on related topics from nursing  textbooks/journals/magazines & note taking, referencing; improvement of reading and writing abilities with emphasis on review of vocabularies, sentence structure, organization, development of oral presentation; developing writing skills Business letters, application & CV; report writing, editing, proof reading, translation and professional writings-meeting minutes; improvement of speaking and listening abilities with establishing communication and making arguments.

Computer and information technology is designed for understanding of using computer and information technology; it applications in nursing field; application programs for Microsoft Word processing, Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations, Networking and Communication through internet and World Wide Web applications.

Composition Writing

Florence Nightingale

Florence Nightingale was born in the city of Florence, Italy on 12 May 1820. She was the second daughter of wealthy parents (her elder sister was called Parthenope). Her mother wanted Florence to marry a rich man. However Florence was a devout Christian and when she was 17 she felt God was calling her to serve him. At first Florence was not sure how God wanted her to serve but by 1844 she was convinced she was to nurse the sick.

Her parents, William and Frances were horrified because at that time nursing was definitely not a respectable job! Nurses were often drunk and conditions in hospitals were dreadful. Her family tried to talk Florence out of it but she was determined. A man named Richard Monckton Miles tried to persuade Florence to marry him but she refused even though she adored him.

Florence Nightingale was determined to sacrifice herself. Nevertheless it was several years before she got any nursing experience. In 1851 she went to Kaiserwerth in Germany to learn. Then in 1853 she was given her first post reorganising a small hospital in Harvey Street, London the Institution for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances. Florence Nightingale did an excellent job of reorganising the hospital.

As a result of her work Sidney Herbert the Secretary of War invited her to go on a mission to soldiers wounded fighting the Russians. (At that time Britain, France and Turkey were fighting Russia. Florence Nightingale sailed with 38 nurses to Turkey on 21 October 1854. They arrived in November. Florence found military hospitals were dirty and bare and great numbers of soldiers were dying of diseases. She worked very long hours to bring order and cleanliness to the hospitals and she became a heroine to the British public. They raised 45,000 pounds (a huge sum in those days) to help her.

Florence Nightingale is famous for her nursing work during the Crimean War (1854-56). Florence was very dedicated to her job. She would often visit the soldiers at night when everyone was asleep just to make sure they were ok. She was then referred to as “The Lady of the Lamp” because she hardly took time off to sleep. Florence restored order and cleanliness in the hospital. She wrote a note on the army medical and hospital administration.

Florence Nightingale returned to Britain in 1856. She was commissioned to investigate the living conditions of British soldiers in peacetime. In 1858 she published her findings as Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army. I

n 1860 Florence Nightingale opened the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St Thomas Hospital. She greatly raised standards of nursing. Every probationer who entered the school was interviewed by Florence and supervised by her.

In old age Florence Nightingale suffered from ill health and she went blind. By the mid-1890s Florence was an invalid. However she was awarded the Order of Merit in 1907. Florence Nightingale died on 13 August 1910.

Nurses Day

Nurses Day was first proposed by Dorothy Sutherland (an officer from the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare) in the year 1953 and first proclaimed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was first celebrated by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 1965.

In the month of January in 1974, the 12th of May was declared to be celebrated as the birthday anniversary of the founder of modern nursing, the Florence Nightingale. International Nurses Day Kit (having educational and public information materials to be used by the nurses among the public) is prepared and distributed every year by the International Council of Nurses while celebrating the nurses day.

The International Council of Nurses commemorates the International Nurses Day annually all around the world on 12th of May as the birth anniversary of the Florence Nightingale. The International Council of Nurses would distribute an IND Kit in 2014 having educational and public information materials with the theme “Nurses: A Force for Change – A vital resource for health”. Nurses are encouraged at this day to comprehensively use this kit throughout the year through their individual and group activities.

Florence Nightingale (the foundational philosopher of modern nursing) was born on 12th of May in 1820. The International Council of Nurses established the day in 1974 to be celebrated every year to highlight the importance of nurses’ role in providing the best health care services.

She became an important figure of nursing after the Crimean War during the 1850s. She, stationed at the Barrack Hospital, Scutari, reformed the health care services and nursing and opened “the Nightingale School of Nursing” at the St. Thomas Hospital, London in 1860:

Promotional and educational activities are organised while celebrating the International Nurses Day annually to address lots of nursing issues. The theme of celebration is selected based on nurses and environment, handling poor, poverty issues and many more. It is celebrated as a week-long event, referred to as National Nurses Week, in many countries like Australia, United States, Canada etc.

Nursing Career in Bangladesh

Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice.

There are two forms of pre-service education in nursing; one is Diploma in Nursing with 1570 seats and another is BSe in Nursing with 700 seats. In addition to pre-service education, the hope of in-service (post-basic) education for building the capacity of nurses as nurse manager, nurse teacher, nurse administrator and nurse leader is available in 4 Colleges with 500 seats.

These are College of Nursing, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bogra Nursing College, Bogra, Fouzderha These are College of Nursing Mahjong, and Khulna Nursing College Mohakhali, Dhaka ore for foreign students are (05 seats) available only in College of Nursing, Mohakhali, Dhaka. There are also lots of private nursing institutes and nursing colleges in our country. Most teachers are trying to build skillful nurses from their institutes.

In Bangladesh nursing is now a respectable job. After completing B. Sc in nursing education nurses can easily be admitted for postgraduate programmes. There are lots of job opportunities for nurses in government and private sectors. Currently the nursing profession is improving day by day in our country.

Nurses practise in many specialties with differing levels of prescription authority. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has shaped the public image of nurses as care providers.

However, Nurse Practitioners are permitted by most jurisdictions to practise independently in a variety of settings. In the postwar period, nurse education has undergone a process of diversification towards advanced and specialised credentials, and many of the traditional regulations and provider roles are changing. Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient’s family and other team members, that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life.

Female Education in Bangladesh/Necessity of Female Education in Bangladesh

Females are almost half of the total population of Bangladesh. So the importance of females is not less than the males in our society. Their intellectual, psychological and moral levels influence the whole nation to a great extent. As a result female education in Bangladesh is given importance for her national growth and development. But the scenario is not so satisfactory.

In our family and social life, the females play a very vital role. As mothers, sisters and housewives, their function is highly important. They give the children primary academic education and moral lessons. The mental make-up, nature, behaviour, moral values, character, personality- everything of the children largely depend on the knowledge and skills of the female Forced to shesh.

Actually, fent of the family members are also largely dependent on their care and consciousness. Actually females are the key factors in family life. As they play such vital roles in family and society, they must be properly educated. If they are not educated the whole society will be affected.

A woman has a significant role as a citizen in the state as well. She has to know her rights. privileges and duties. If she gets an education, she can prove her worth. In our society women are mostly neglected. They are deprived in every sphere of their life. If they get education, they will feel powerful and nobody can deprive them of their rights.

The Government of Bangladesh has taken some positive steps to promote female education and has made female education free up to HSC level. To encourage female folk in education they are given special quotas for jobs.

Apart from these, the media are playing a praiseworthy role to promote female education. A day will come in Bangladesh when all females go hand in hand with men in every sector. Only then can we hope for a developed nation.

Climatic Change and Bangladesh / Climate Change and Its Effect

Climate change is the recent problem that is surrounding the whole nation. Our country is most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. People are very close to the risks of cyclones, floods and droughts especially those who are living in rural or coastal areas.

There are many reasons for climate change in the world. The impacts of high temperature, more variable precipitation, more extreme weather events, and sea level rise are the intensifying factors of climate change.

The emission of carbon from industries is likely to be the prime cause of climate change. Because of carbon emission, the glaciers of the Himalayas melt and that melting causes higher flows and severe floods. Deforestation is also a reason that increases carbon in the environment.

In Bangladesh, climate change will affect many sectors including water resources, agriculture and food security, ecosystems and biodiversity, human health and coastal zones. The climate changes are already having major impacts on the economic performance of Bangladesh and on the lives and livelihoods of millions of poor people. It worsens many environmental and developmental problems and the rainfall could increase flood affected areas in Bangladesh.

It is predicted that climate change could have a devastating impact on agriculture. The rise of the sea level threatens the valuable coastal agricultural land, particularly in low-lying areas of our country.

Biodiversity is also hampered in the Sundarbans and tropical forests. The effects of these impacts will threaten food security for the most vulnerable people of Bangladesh. A large number of people will become homeless, landless and will have to lead a miserable life.

The poor and the vulnerable in Bangladesh are constantly adjusting to climate change by raising their houses above the flood level or changing crop types. The government and also the foreign assistance are needed to get out of this mal effect of climate change.

Rivers of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a land of rivers. There are more than 230 rivers in the whole country. The importance of rivers is really immense for the country. Our agriculture, energy sector, waler way communication, economy, trade and commerce etc are greatly dependent on our rivers.

The Padma, the Meghna, the Jamuna and the Karnafuli are the main rivers. Besides these, there are many small rivers in our country. All the rivers are necessary in our national life. Rivers play an important role in our agriculture. The rivers supply water and make the land fertile by depositing silt. Silt helps to grow plenty of crops as it makes the soil fertile.

The rivers abound with a great variety of fishes. Fishes are one of the main sources of protein which is very important for the human body. Many people earn their livelihood by catching and selling fishes. Thus rivers play a great role in our economy and health.

Rivers play a vital role in our communication. Our rivers are great means of transport too. Rivers can be extensively used to go from one place to another. People can make an easy and comfortable journey across the river. So rivers are of great importance to communication.

Rivers can be used as sources of energy. At present we get power from the hydro-electric project of Karnafuli. Sometimes rivers become a curse for us. In the rainy season the rivers become full to the brim.

They cause floods and floods cause great suffering and even death to the people and animals. River erosion is another curse for us. Every year many people become homeless and shelterless and we lose much of our cultivable lands due to river erosion. In conclusion, we can say that our rivers are a great asset (m) for us. If we can use them properly, it will bring great benefit for us.

Environment Pollution

Environment pollution is a great problem for the world. Air, water and soil are the main elements of our environment. These elements are very important for our survival on this earth. Unfortunately, every moment we are polluting these elements.

Air is an important element. We pollute the air by creating smoke. We make smoke by cooking food, melting pitch, burning bricks etc. Again, motor vehicles create huge smoke in the air. On the other hand, everyday we cut down more and more trees.

It increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the air. As a result, world temperatures are increasing day by day and causing global warming. This creates a great harm to human beings. Water is another important element of our environment. It is a matter of great regret that we also pollute it. Water is polluted in many ways.

Industrial and household wastages are thrown into the river, canal and pond water. Chemical fertilisers used by the farmers also get mixed with water and the water becomes polluted. Even the ocean is not free from pollution. Fishes and plants are in great danger.

Again, we also pollute soil everyday. We are cutting down trees. This causes soil pollution. Sometimes we throw plastic materials and poisonous things on soil. They also pollute soil. We should take steps to stop pollution. The price of this serious pollution is death. We need to plant more trees to prevent pollution. We should not throw industrial wastes directly to the water.

Students have some duties to lessen pollution. They can plant trees near their houses. They also can advise people about the bad effects of pollution. We need to save our environment. It is important for our living. Government should take necessary steps to prevent pollution. Otherwise, it will bring a threat to us.

Dangers of Drug Addiction / Drug Addiction

The other name of the drug is medicine, but when it is used indiscriminately with a view to making the users’ nervous system inactive, it is an addiction. Drug addiction is a very dangerous social crime. It indeed destroys the young generation of a nation. Moreover, it destroys morality and breeds many other crimes in the society.

Up to the sixties, it was a problem of the industrially developed capitalist countries of the West. Since the end of the sixties, it has spread to the least developed countries like Bangladesh. Now the picture of drug addiction is not so pleasing. A section of young people is addicted to different types of drugs.

There are several reasons behind drug addiction. Acute unemployment, miserable poverty, political unrest, lack of social security, lack of any particular aim in life are the reasons for drug addiction. Out of curiosity, they take them at first but they become habituated. Thus a lot of our young men and women, even teenagers, have become addicted to different kinds of drugs. The situation is getting worse day by day.

Drugs have a terrible effect on the human body. It carries the addict to an unreal world of dreams. The addict feels drowsy, loses appetite and feels like smiting. They damage the brain and the internal function of the body and ultimately lead to death.

The perfect strictness of law must be continued including death penalty for drug smuggling. Steps have to be taken to treat and rehabilitate the addicted ones. No medicine should be dispensed without prescription.

Young generation must be made aware of the dangerous effect of drug taking. Parents must be more careful about the education and upbringing of their children. A country-wide campaign against drug addiction should be undertaken immediately. To remove drug addiction is a mammoth task. United and determined efforts are needed to do it. (Words: 308)

Patriotism

Patriotism refers to the love one has towards one’s country. It is a noble virtue. The person who has love for his country is a patriot. A patriot’s patriotism leads him to save his country from any foreign invasion at any cost and he is always ready to dedicate his life for the prosperity of his country. To a patriot his country is like his mother and he never hesitates to sacrifice his life to save the honour of his country.

The patriotism of a patriot is his good sentiment, love, feelings and wishes of goodness to his country. Only patriotism can lead a man towards supreme sacrifice for the nation. The people of our country showed a high example of patriotism during the liberation war of 1971. About 3 million people irrespective of race, religion, age or gender sacrificed their lives for the sake of the country’s freedom. It would not be possible without strong patriotism.

Bigot patriotism or blind patriotism is no good. It leads to malice and jealousy among the nations. It creates quarrel, conflict and clash among the countries. For this, freedom of his own country becomes at stake. When bigot patriotism goes beyond control, it brings destructive consequences.

The bigoted love of Hitler initiated the 2nd World War which killed millions of people and brought disgrace to Germany and Japan. On the other hand true patriotism leads to philanthropic love. It leads the nations of the world to prosperity and creates mutual respect.

A true patriot loves his country and respects others’ sovereignty. He never hates other people’s culture and independence. Thus, his attitude is for universal welfare and peace. He becomes the glory of the world. Every religion tells us to be patriotic. It is a noble virtue. We all should exercise this virtue in our life.

My Childhood Memories / Some Recollections of My Childhood

Childhood is the sweetest period of human life. Everybody is fond of remembering his or her childhood days and I am no exception to this rule. Whenever I recollect my childhood memories. my mind fills with amusement. I can hardly remember what happened during the first four years of my life. But so far as I guess, I was an object of care and affection to all in the family. Everyone in the family loved me very much.

If only remember the day of the beginning of my learning. I was then five years old. I was sent to village pathshala. There I was admitted to class 1. This village pathshala was an interesting place to me. I enjoyed reading there with a lot of boys of my age.

The Worst day of my life remastered by me is the day on which my grandmother died. It is the saddest day of my life. I was then nine years old, so I could not properly understand what death meant. My father was gobbing, my mother was weeping bitterly and my uncle was crying, but I hurst into a loud cry. Even now my eyes get wet with tears whenever her face flashes into my mind.

Another important event that I fully remember was the marriage ceremony of my uncle. I was then twelve years old. Our house was full of guests, and I passed a few days in the midst of joy and mirth.

My aunt is highly qualified; she is kind and loving too. Soon I grew into her favour and affection. She took charge of my education and became my guide and guardian. Of recollections outside school, the memory of plucking flowers, stealing mangoes, coconuts, etc. is still fresh in my mind. How happy I was at my childhood days! I wish I were a child again.

Duties of Students/ The Duties and Responsibilities of Students

Students are the hopes of the nation. As they are refined and tender, much depends on them for the development of the country. They have to render great service to the society. Students have the strength to play a vital role in gaining any positive thing. If they come forward vigorously, they can win any difficult situation. It is evident in our history.

Study is the principal duty of the students. They should enrich their realm of knowledge by widening the outlook of their life. It is rightly called the seedtime of human life. If they sow good seeds in this period, they will have a good harvest in future.

Student life is the perfect period of preparation for all the problems that an individual and a community face. So, students have many other duties besides studies. They should take part in social activities.

Students can do a lot to remove illiteracy from society. They may conduct night school and educate the ignorant. Students should make people aware of the adverse effect of overpopulation. Students can make the farmers aware of the modern method of cultivation. Doing all these things, they can keep a great contribution in the development of the nation.

Students have many other duties too. They must stand by the distressed, the poor and the deprived. Bangladesh often faces natural calamities. Students must work for the suffering people during these calamities.

They may campaign to raise funds for relief and distribute them among the sufferers. They must avoid party politics, but must remain conscious of politics. They must grow up as ideal persons to be followed by others. The students are the future leaders of our country. So, they must be well trained and well educated so that they can carry out their duties effectively. Then we can expect a better future for us.

Unemployment Problem in Bangladesh

Unemployment is the state of not having a job to earn one’s livelihood. This problem is one of the talked topics in the present context of Bangladesh. It is a curse and it has become acute in our country. In Bangladesh, there are different reasons behind the unemployment problem.

Bangladesh is an overpopulated country. Her population is much larger than the job opportunities she can provide. As a result, the government is not capable of providing employment for too many people.

Moreover, there are some problems in our education system. Our education is not capable of making skilled people and there is a great difference between our education and professional proficiency. As a result, educated people have to suffer a lot.

People of our country hanker after a dignified job and some people just want to become officers only. Some people dislike laborious jobs and so they remain unemployed. This is a great reason behind this problem.

Unemployment problem in Bangladesh causes many social problems like drug addiction, drug business, terrorism, hijacking, extortion and so on. Unemployed people of our society have to lead a miserable life and they become the burden of the nation. The burden of unemployment becomes a great curse to the unemployed people.

To solve the unemployment problem, governments as well as non-government organisations have to take pragmatic initiatives. We have to foster industrialisation and establish new mills and factories. Vocational education should be encouraged and introduced.

We should increase the rate of literacy so that people can be conscious of the bad effects of overpopulation. Our educated young generation should change their attitude to life. They can start small businesses of their own such as poultry farming, cultivating fish, growing vegetables etc. In fact, self- employment is a possible solution to this great problem. If all these can be implemented, the problem will be reduced to a great extent.

Population Problem in Bangladesh

The rapid growing population in Bangladesh is a burning question of today. It has created difficulties in every sphere of our life. As it is a serious problem, we have to solve it for the sake of our existence. If we cannot do so, we will have to suffer a lot in the near future.

Bangladesh is a small country with a density of 1926 per square mile according to the census-of 1987 whereas in the USA it is about 41 per square mile. Bangladesh occupies the 8th position among the countries of the world in respect of population.

Her population growth rate is 1.6%. If this growth rate continues, the population of Bangladesh will double within the next thirty years. If it really happens, the nation will fall into great trouble. There are many causes of rapid growth of population.

The growth of population in the country is the result of two main variables-the birth rate and the death rate. There is a large difference between the two rates, that’s why the growth of population is high.

Climatic influence, superstition, and poverty are some of the main causes of high rates of birth. Due to the socio- economic condition a large section of our people wants male children. They think that male children will add to their family income and with the hope of male children they take more children.

It creates problems of food, clothing, housing, health, education and other spheres of life. If this population explosion is not checked immediately, people will have to make their houses in agricultural land and forest and they will have to starve.

A family must not consist of more than two children. Early marriage must be totally banned. Our womenfolk must be made aware of better and prosperous life. Then only we can get rid of this problem.

My Favourite Hobby

Hobby is an interesting job at leisure. Hobby means a favourite occupation of a man. But it is not his main business. A person usually does this to have pleasure in his mind. It may not bring him money but it gives him joy and pleasure. It is an important means of enjoyment. So it is necessary to enjoy life.

There are different kinds of hobbies like gardening, painting, drawing pictures, stamp collecting, autograph collecting, coin collecting, kite flying, fishing etc. Different people have different types of hobbies. I also have a hobby. My hobby is gardening.

I have a small garden in front of our house. I have planted many kinds of flower plants in my garden. I take care of my garden properly. I make the soil loose with a spade. I weed out the grass in my garden. Sometimes I water my flower plants.

I have made a fence around my garden so that animals and naughty children can do no harm to it. Every afternoon I spend at least two hours in my garden. As a result of it, my blood runs well. Besides this, gardening is very useful to health and mind. It strengthens my health and refreshes my mind. When the flowers bloom in my garden, I feel proud. When I get the sweet scent of my garden flowers, my pleasure knows no bounds.

Gardening is very useful to a man. It gives a man pleasure. It makes a man active and healthy. If a man feels bored, he can spend his time in his garden. It helps a man to remove his boredom. If he grows some vegetables in his garden, this saves a lot of expenditure of his family. Moreover, to work in the garden is a physical exercise. So every man should have a hobby.

Deforestation/ The Effects of Deforestation on the Environment

The cutting down of trees indiscriminately is called deforestation neeople to down trees for various purposes without any consideration. To meet up the basic needs of food and housing trees are being cut on a large scale and thus it causes ecological imbalance. 

The atmosphere of the world is going under a huge threat. The causes of deforestation are many. The large population of our country needs more shelter, agricultural land, fuel, furniture and so on. To meet all these demands people cut trees indiscriminately, forgetting the dire consequences of the days to come. Besides, there are some dishonest people who cut trees in our forest to make money. Due to their greed for money our forestlands are being destroyed.

The bad impacts of cutting trees indiscriminately are too many to describe. As a result, of deforestation, the existence of animals is going to be threatened. We get oxygen from trees. Due to deforestation, carbon dioxide is increasing worldwide.

As a result, the world is getting warmer. The sea level is rising and many parts of the world are going to be engulfed by the sea in the near future. If it happens, a significant number of people of the world will turn into climate refugees.

Deforestation destroys the ecosystem of the environment. If we destroy trees at random, one day the country will turn into a great desert. The country will be unsuitable for living and various natural calamities like flood, drought, storm etc. will visit our country. Then the country will suffer extensively.

Necessary measures should be taken to prevent deforestation. We should plant two trees if we cut down one. People should be made aware of tree plantation through mass media. As a whole, the tree plantation programme should be extended throughout the country. Finally, we all have to work together to save our beautiful world.

Importance/ Benefits of Reading Newspaper

Newspapers are a wonder of modern science. It is a moving mirror of the world we live in. It is a storehouse of knowledge of home and abroad. Modern life cannot be imagined without newspapers. Everyone waits for the newspaper every morning. One who does not read newspapers is like a frog in a well. Reading newspapers is essential to keep pace with the world.

A newspaper is a paper that gives us news of our country and of different parts of the world Carlyle called it the Fourth Estate’. Indeed a newspaper has become an essential item to modern life. Businessmen read them to know the condition of markets. Sportsmen find pleasure in reading sports news. Students can benefit from the page of study materials.

Moreover, newspapers play an important part in our social and national life. They teach general people and help to form public opinion. They publish grievances of people. A democratic government feels the pulse of the people through honest criticisms of newspapers.

In spite of having numerous advantages, newspapers also have some disadvantages. Sometimes a newspaper publishes misreports or false reports. They lead to dangerous consequences. Some newspapers also spread propaganda with a view to serving their purposes. Sometimes they excite people for the wrong cause and thus mislead them.

On the whole, newspaper reading is a very good habit. In order to keep ourselves up-to-date with news and views, we should read newspapers.

Value of Time

It can undoubtedly be said that the value of time is limitless. It cannot be measured. Its main focus is that human life is short but he has to do all his work within the short span of time.

“Time and tide wait for none.” Really, time is the most valuable asset in human life. He who cannot make proper use of time is sure to suffer in the long run. There is no certainty that tomorrow will come in our life. So present should be the motto of working. So, the value of time is immeasurable.

Every work has its proper time and we must perform it at its right time. Any delay may lead us to failure. The students must follow this rule strictly. No student can reach his or her goal wasting time with trivial work.

There lies the secret of life in the proper utilisation of time. Time once gone is gone forever. Lost wealth may be regained by hard labour, lost knowledge by study, lost health by taking proper food and medicine, but lost time can never be brought back by any means. If we look at the history of human civilization, we will find them to be successful who made proper use of time in their lives.

Waste of time may breed the cause of crime. An idle brain is the devil’s workshop. An idle Person commits different types of crimes. Besides committing crimes, he easily brings about his ruin in life.

If we look at nature, we can see that ants, bees, birds, insects etc work timely. They do not waste a single moment. We can learn from nature how to make the best use of time. Value of time indicates that a person should not waste time, rather he should spend every minute doing useful work. This will make his life worth living and glorious.

Greenhouse Effect

Greenhouse effect is the gradual warming of our surrounding as a result of heat being trapped by environmental pollution. It creates ecological imbalance. The atmosphere of the whole world is undergoing a significant change due to Greenhouse effects. It has a far reaching effect on the world.

There are multiple causes of Greenhouse effects. The destruction and burning down of the forests, rapid growth of unplanned mills and factories, the use of manufacturing products and the use of detergents, etc. cause Greenhouse effects.

Besides, overpopulation, air pollution, water pollution, deforestation and increase of temperature cause Greenhouse effects. Burning of fossil and wood produces carbon dioxide. It is the most responsible gas to cause Greenhouse effects.

It increases surface temperature and results in Greenhouse effects. Due to carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere, heat is trapped and the earth cannot release heat properly. As a result, the surface air gets warmer.

A great change takes place in weather and climate. Storm and cyclones occur frequently. The rivers and seas overflow their banks and cause floods and the suffering of the people beggars description.

Climatologists predict that at the middle of this century the temperature may rise by 4°C. This can disastrously reduce food production, severely damage wildlife and cause the rise of sea levels. It may take a serious turn making Bangladesh go underwater.

Necessary measures should be taken to prevent the dangerous Greenhouse effects. There should be no deforestation in the country. More CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) stations should be established to drive more vehicles with the help of CNG to remove air pollution.

No men and animals will be able to exist unless the causes of the Greenhouse effect are controlled. So the government as well as the people should be alert against this environmental problem. We must do so with the highest importance to save the world.

Natural Disasters/Calamities in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is vulnerable to frequent natural calamities. So, she is often called a land of natural calamities. Various types of natural calamities such as flood, cyclone, storm, heavy downpour, drought, etc, often visit our country.

Bangladesh lies in the tropical region and its land is low. Being a low-lying country, floods visit our country almost every year and sometimes it becomes severe. Intense heat causes depression in the Bay of Bengal, and causes cyclonic storms which hit the offshore islands and the mainland of Bangladesh. The miseries of the cyclone affected people know no bounds. Cyclonic storm takes a heavy toll of life and damages the houses and other belongings of the affected people.

Floods visit our country almost every year. It is the most familiar natural calamity in our country. It causes a heavy damage to our life and properties. Houses are destroyed, cattle are washed away and crops are greatly damaged and trees are uprooted. People become homeless or shelterless. The floods in 1970, 1974, 1988 and 1998 caused a huge loss of life and property.

Drought in summer causes damage to our agriculture. Sometimes, the heat of the sun becomes unbearable to men and there is no rain. Moreover, load-shedding is a common scenario during this time. Crops grow much less if farmers cannot irrigate their lands properly. As a result, people, especially the poor, suffer a lot due to price hikes. For all these things, people have to suffer a lot.

The people living beside the rivers are often in a fear of river erosion. Thousands of people become homeless due to river erosion every year. Our people live fighting against all kinds of disasters and calamities. The government should come forward to help the affected people. The people should be informed of the forecast news about the disaster to minimise the losses.

Natural Beauties of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a colourful country. She is called the darling child of nature. As it is a country of moderate climate, she is blessed with many natural beauties. The natural beauty of the country is really beyond description. The vast Bay of Bengal is situated to the south of Bangladesh. Green trees, birds chirping. yellow corn crops etc make our mind fulfil. Everyday we wake up hearing birds’ chirping.

The natural scenery of the village draws a general picture of thrilling. When we go to the Padma, the Meghna, the Jamuna and the Karnafuli rivers, our mind becomes fresh. The water lily blooms in the canals, beels and haors during the rainy season. The scenery is very charming to the common people of our country.

The local area of the east is decorated with tea gardens. There are a lot of tea gardens in Sylhet division. A large number of green parrots come to these tea gardens and that makes the scenery more beautiful. The guest birds make the scenery more beautiful. During the summer Tison thousands of juicy fruits like mango, jack-fruit, pine-apple etc are found in our country. 

It was very tasty. Autumn comes with a fine and clear sky and the flowers. All the time the white clouds remain in the sky in this season. The winter comes with the dewdrops and trees without leaves, various kinds of pithas (home made cakes) and date juice etc. When the dew falls on the grass and the morning sunlight shines on it; it looks like a diamond.

The spring comes with the cuckoo’s singing. Many flowers bloom in this season. I think all people like the spring season. In every season, Bangladesh is decorated with different natural beauties. I love my country very much. I am proud to be a citizen of such a country of natural beauty.

Modern Technology and Globalization / Globalization

Nowadays ‘Globalisation’ has become a buzzword. That means, it is a process of expanding trade and commerce all over the world by creating a borderless market. With the progress of sophisticated communications-media, rapid technological development and rapid transportation facilities, the world has become closer.

At present if anything happens anywhere in the world, people throughout the world can know instantly. Now the intermingling of culture, international trade system has played important roles to turn the world into a village.

Present age is an age of economic diplomacy. For the sake of trade, the countries of the world have come under the same platform. People are sharing their feelings with the help of cell phones, telephones, optical fibre, submarine cable, radio, television, VOIP etc.

Because of globalisation, cultures are penetrating into one another. Many economic dogmas like capitalism, socialism and Islamism are being mixed. So many economic, martial and political forums have emerged like SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU, OIC etc.

Globalisation is a blessing mostly for the advanced countries as undeveloped countries can no longer compete with them successfully. The USA, the UK, Japan, Sweden, China etc are now controlling the free market of the world.

Language has also an important role to play in the acceleration of globalisation. The countries lacking command of English are lagging behind. We have to gather strength to keep pace with the progressive forces of the world.

We must be alert about the dark sides of globalisation as terrorists and mafia gangs are no the age bored to spread the poisonous activities across the globerists and mafia gand look fondare un countries so that we can get strategy from them to bring de revolution in our information technology.

Free plantation means planting seedlings and saplings to get profit and to maintain ecological balance. Planting trees is a noble work as plants and trees supply oxygen, the most vital thing for which we survive, give fruits, flowers, timbers and what not.

Trees are useful to us in many ways. Carbon dioxide makes our atmosphere or environment poisonous for us. Trees consume this carbon dioxide and thereby makes our environment safe for it. Some trees give us fruits and flowers; some trees supply timber for furniture.

Trees make the land fertile. They save land from erosion. In summer, they bear the scorching rays of the sun and give us cool shade under them. Trees in our forests check the quick flow of rain-water and thereby check the occurence of high flood in our river. They maintain ecological balance.

Despite the immense benevolent service, the green trees are disappearing fast. People often cut down trees for fuel, furniture and other purposes. In addition, many greedy and corrupt officials and active gangs are engaged in cutting trees. This is creating a dangerous situation for our country.

Our country lacks large forests. We have some forests like the Sundarbans, Madhupur forests and forests of Chittagong Hill Tracts. But these are not enough. Nowadays Bangladesh has been facing drought, excessive rainfall and floods because of tremendous shortage of her forests.

We should, therefore, make it a point to plant more trees than we cut down. Every family of the villages should be encouraged and inspired to plant trees on the banks of the ponds and near the houses.

In fine, tree plantation is necessary for the maintenance of ecological balance. If we are careless about the importance of trees, our existence will be doomed. This is why an elaborate plan for planting trees is a must for us.

Computer and Digital Bangladesh/ Digital Bangladesh

Our life today is governed by the offshoots of science. Computer invention is the determining factor in this respect. It has brought about a revolutionary change in the face of the global world. This change has been possible through information technology (IT) based on computer-internet systems. This information technology or computer & internet based Bangladesh is called a digital Bangladesh.

To cherish such a dream of digital Bangladesh is easy but it is too difficult to materialise this death, such a dream of digital Banter, laptop, e-magazine, ebook reader and so on. People tools of informed phone, mobile, i’ll be available in every nook and corner of the country, People will not know information technology will be av collect tickets, result etc or to deposit and withdraw money or to buy and sell things.

Education is the backbone of a nation. So we must put our first priority on the education sector with a view to establishing a digital Bangladesh. We can make videos of teachers’ lectures of speeches and display them on the white screens before the learners. A learner can receive education sitting in his house.

Modern science has given birth to a new world in the field of medical treatment. If the internet connection can be spread widely, a patient can receive a prescription of medicine without appearing before a physician by paying offers through an online banking system.

We can make the administration dynamic, work-oriented and free from corruption by setting up CCTV cameras through a computer-internet system. Computer network has made the banking sector more dynamic than ever before. Now we no longer need to carry cash money with us to the remotest regions of the country.

It is said, “Hope springs eternal in the human breast”. We also hope that we shall be able to turn our war-shattered country into a digital Bangladesh by bringing about an all round development through the computer internet system.

A Visit to a Place of Historical Importance/ Interest

There are many places of historical interest in our country. I like to visit the places whenever I get time. During the last winter vacation, I had an occasion to visit the mazar of Pir Khan Jahan Ali and the Shat Gambuj Mosque at Bagerhat. Four of my friends and I went there by launch on the 2nd January.

The majar of Khan Jahan Ali stands on a high land at Bagerhat. The tomb was built with cut out stones. On the tomb there are inscriptions in Arabic. A big fair is held beside the majar every year on the night of the full moon in the month of Chaitra. The visitors coming here enjoy the time very much. I, as well as my friends, also enjoyed it a lot.

There is a big lake-like tank in front of the mazar. It is one of the biggest tanks excavated by him. There are some crocodiles in it. When the crocodiles come, people throw cocks, hens or goats at them and they swallow the offerings.

We stayed there for some time and watched a scene worth visiting. Then we left for the Shat Gambuj Mosque. This is about three kilometres away from the majar. The Shat Gambuj Mosque is a large building. Actually it has seventy seven gambuj or domes and not ‘shat’ or sixty gambuj, as the name indicates. The mosque has been declared as ‘World Heritage Site’ by UNESCO.

We spent about seven hours visiting these two places of historical importance. We felt like visiting these places in the days of Pir Khan Jahan Ali. The past history flashed before our mind’s eyes and made us very emotional. We came to Bagerhat in the afternoon. We enjoyed the full time of our visit. The visit was really a memorable experience in my life.

Your Aim in Life / Future Plan of Life

Everyone should have an aim. There is a proverb that a man without an aim is like a ship without rudder. A rudderless ship drifts on at the mercy of the wind and waves. Similarly, an aimless man is drifted along the current of life and he reaches no definite destination.

An aim is, therefore, something like a compass for the adventure of life. A compass shows the right direction to a person who goes on an adventurous journey. Similarly, the aim in one’s life leads one to the right path.

There are lots of aims for men and women in our society. Some men, for example, hanker after wealth, some seek power and position, some desire name and fame and some travel in the realm of knowledge. I want to be a doctor in life because I think I have special fitness for it. I think this is one of the most suitable professions to serve the nation.

Another reason behind my choice is that the profession of a doctor is no doubt noble. It is surely a humanitarian career. In our country, more than eighty percent of the people live in the villages. They live in wretched poverty, hunger and diseases. This is an unfortunate situation which should not be allowed to continue. So I feel an urge in my mind that it is my sacred duty to do something for the welfare of the poverty-stricken people of my own village.

When I shall complete medical education and have my degree, I shall go back to my native village and start practising among my own people and try to help them in their illness. There is really great satisfaction in the service of the sick and the suffering people. By serving such men I shall be able to serve my motherland.

Pahela Baishakh

The first day of Bangla new year is widely known as Pahela Baishakh. It is celebrated in a festive manner in Bangladesh. It is a national holiday. This day has a special significance for us as it forms a part of Bengali culture and tradition.

People from all walks of life, irrespective of their ethnic identity or religious beliefs, celebrate the day with traditional festivities. On this day, the whole of Bangladesh is in a festive mood. The day inspires people to start life with renewed hopes and aspirations.

New year’s festivities are closely linked with rural life in Bengal. Usually on this day, everything is scrubbed and cleaned. Baishakhi fairs are arranged in many parts of the country. Various agricultural products, Traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics as well as various kinds of foods and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment by providing folk songs, Baul, Marfatı, Murshidi and Bhatiali songs. Among other attractions of these fairs are puppet shows and merry-go-rounds.

Young women wear white sarees with red borders and adorn themselves with bangles, flowers and tips. Men wear white pyjamas or dhoti and kurta. Many townspeople start the day with the traditional breakfast of panta bhat, green chillies, onion, and fried hilsa fish.

The most colourful new year’s day festival takes place in Dhaka. Large numbers of people gather early in the morning under the Banyan tree at Ramna Park where Chhayanat artistes open the day with Tagore’s famous song, Eso he Boishakh eso eso welcoming Baishakh. A similar ceremony welcoming the new year is also held at the Institute of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka.

Newspapers bring out special supplements. There are also special programmes on radio and television. In fact, Pahela Baishakh is a symbol of the Bangladesh nationalist spirit and an integral part of the people’s cultural heritage.

The Utilities and Evils of Facebook

Facebook is a very popular social networking site with over eight hundred million users. It has become so much a part of people’s lives that we can learn the life story just by checking their page. There are positive and negative effects that Facebook has on people and they can be quite significant.

Facebook is a great way to keep in touch with your family and friends who live far away. With the status updates, messaging, video chat, photos, and profile information, it can keep us up to date with the happenings of all of our close ones.

Facebook makes meeting new people extremely easy due to the fact that it allows you to add up to thousands of friends and act as a social melting pot of the internet.

Facebook makes expressing oneself very simple with status updates. It is a lot harder to feel embarrassment over the internet than in person. So, people find it easier to ‘vent’ their feelings on Facebook.

On the contrary, on Facebook it is very easy for cyber bullies to thrive. They can harass and/or gang up on one person. There aren’t moderators that go around monitoring what people say to each other. Anything can be said.

Furthermore, it is clear that school grades will suffer when spending too much time on Facebook as valuable study time is lost. Besides, some studies suggest that so-called teenage networkers” are more likely to engage in risky behaviours, such as smoking, fighting and promiscuity..

Active, but overt, monitoring and open communication about appropriate usage is the key to all This also important for event serious even suicide. It is also important for parents to stay abreast with online trends and the toyest technologies, websites and applications.

Women’s Empowerment in Bangladesh

Empowerment is needed where there is unequal distribution of power among people in any society or country. It results in people’s experiences of power or powerlessness. Women in Bangladesh have been in many ways inferior to and dependent on men from early childhood.

Although our constitution has given equal rights to our women, they still suffer from discrimination and violence. These discrimination and violence occur at homes, at workplaces and everywhere.

The women in our rural Bangladesh are hard working. They perform heavy household works throughout the day. But women’s contribution to the family income is not well-evaluated. Illiteracy is the prime barrier against women empowerment.

There are many barriers against women empowerment. Our society consists of male-based families. Many male members of the family do not like their women’s employment outside the home. Again women are compelled to work at low wages in agriculture as well as the job sector. Though there are a lot of plans to empower women, the result of materialisation is not satisfactory.

But the government of Bangladesh is keen to empower our women. To improve the literacy and education level among girls and women, fees and charges have been waived up to higher secondary level.

In almost all government jobs in Bangladesh there are quotas for women. Various NGOs are providing micro-credit loan to poor women. It has a tremendous positive Impact on women empowerment in our rural and urban areas.

There are strict laws in places to protect women’s rights. We have reserved seats for women in our Parliament and they can also compete in other seats as well. We have found women as our Prime Ministers for three consecutive terms. Even then we have to go a long way towards establishing equal rights for men and women. That is women’s empowerment in Bangladesh.

Democracy

Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally either directly or through elected representatives in the proposal, development, and creation of le of encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of Political self-determination.

Democracy are two types direct democracy and indirect democracy in a direct devour the citizenry are of two types in direct de elect and form the government choosing their favourite candidate by voting. But in an indirect democracy citizens cannot elect their candidate directly.

In this system the citizens elect a good number of representatives and then these people select their leader from amongst themselves to form the government. Bangladesh follows direct democracy and USA follows indirect democracy.

According to Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the USA and one of the illustrious statesmen of the world, “Democracy is a form of government of the people, by the people and for the people.”

Every citizen in a democratic state should have the opportunity to develop his personality. He must have access to knowledge, and must be able to earn an adequate wage. The state must guarantee him the right to work as well as leisure.

All these raise the important question of education of the citizens of a democratic state. Education must teach them to think and act freely and express their views boldly. Without proper organisation, the people cannot express themselves effectively. The leader of the party must be responsible, honest and courageous.

Given favourable conditions, democracy is the best form of government known so far. It reconciles liberty and authority; it imbues the citizens with a sense of patriotism; it aims at giving the greatest happiness to the greatest number of citizens in a state. Under the democratic form of government, human character develops and the individual realizes his best self.

Vision 2021

Vision 2021 a framework of a future Bangladesh that reflects the hopes and aspirations of the citizens of the country for an economically inclusive and politically accountable society. The vision proposed a set of concrete measures to achieve eight indentified goals by 2021.

It ensures a democratic system where people choose their government freely and get services from it without hassle, enjoy freedom from fear and intolerance, live with dignity, where every citizen is assured of social justice, environmental protection, human rights and equal opportunities; and where the rule of law and good governance flourish.

We envision a liberal, progressive and democratic welfare state. Simultaneously we envision a Bangladesh which by 2020/2021, will be a middle income country where poverty will be drastically reduced, where our citizens will be able to meet every basic need and where development will be on fast track.

The goals of Vision 2021 are: to become a participatory democracy; to have an efficient. accountable, transparent and decentralised system of governance; to become a poverty-free middle-income country; to have a nation of healthy citizens; to develop a skilled and creative human resource; to become a globally integrated regional economic and commercial hub, to be environmentally sustainable, and to be a more inclusive and equitable society.

These goals emerged from a one-year long activism of Bangladesh civil society throughout 2006, when 15 local level dialogues were held across the country, under the title of National Election 2007: The Bangladesh Vision 2021 document was handed over to the leaders of major political parties at the Nagorik Forum organised in Dhaka on 9 December 2006.

This enshrines citizen’s aspirations as well as optimism as regards the future of Bangladesh as a country that will be built on principles of democracy, inclusiveness, justice and fairness, accountability and good governance.

The Value of Punctuality in Our Life

Punctuality is considered to be the noblest of virtues. It is the mark of civilised and cultured people. It is the habit of doing things at the correct time.

One of the greatest values of punctuality is that it gives discipline to life. It dispels laziness and removes our ‘take-it-easy- attitude. A disciplined person always gets recognition and social acceptance. Therefore, punctuality can make us socially acceptable people.

Another significant merit of punctuality is that it provides ample time to do our work correctly and properly. Doing things hurriedly or haphazardly can have disastrous consequences. When we do things in time, there is every chance that they end up as fine works.

The virtue of punctuality is said to be the key to success. Look at the great world leaders who have achieved fame and success. Punctuality was their hallmark. Washington once took his secretary to task for being late. The secretary laid the blame upon his watch. Washington reported: “Then, Sir either you must get a new watch or I must get a new secretary.”

When individuals are not punctual, they cause a lot of inconvenience to others. People have to wait for them and waste their valuable time. Want of punctuality reveals want of culture and makes the person discourteous all.

History is full of cases which show that lack of punctuality has caused defeat, loss of kingdom and golden opportunities. It is said that Napoleon lost the battle of Waterloo in 1815 because one of his generals came late.

All of us are not born with the virtue of punctuality. We have to cultivate it painstakingly. Only constant, vigil and practice can implant this virtue. It calls for a great deal of sacrifice, courage to root out laziness. It demands a disciplined life. That is why, very few individuals have the virtue of punctuality.

Computer as a Wonderful Gift of Science / Uses and Abuses of Computer

Computers are the greatest of the discoveries of modern science. We cannot now think of a moment without computers. It cannot work itself but can work on the basis of the commands given by the operator.

Charles Babes is called the father of modern computers. He invented the structure of Computer at first in 1833. By following the structure of Babes, Harvard University and I.B.M company calmingly invented the modern Computer in 1944.

A Computer has/consists of five major components. They are the input unit, the output unit, the memory unit, the control unit and the arithmetic unit. A Computer performs three functions: (1) It receives data, (2) It processes data and (3) It emits data.

Computers contribute a lot in the field of education. The students of developed countries prepare their study materials and many things by using a computer. Printing thousands of books in a very short time has become possible for it.

Computers are now being used to diagnose disease. It has invented a new process of operation as an alternative to surgery. It is also used to grind stones in normal pathological treatment. Computers are the most common media of worldwide communication. By using different functions, it is possible to communicate all over the world in a short time.

At present, business, commerce and trade cannot be thought of without computers. It is widely used to prepare documents, budget and to store information. In the banking section, it is almost essential. It is also used to run mills, factories and industries in the developed countries.

In spite of having so many advantages of computers, it also has some disadvantages. It weakens the eye-sight of the operator. Computers have made a rapid change in different fields of Bangladesh. For a Digital Bangladesh. Every literate person should have a basic knowledge on it.

Evils of Dowry System / Dowry-A Social Curse

Dowry, a social evil, is a kind of social gift given to the bridegroom by the bride’s father. It is a social menace that compels many girls to face premature death. At present, parents cannot think of getting their daughters married off without giving dowry. Sometimes parents of educated and well-established boys demand dowry both in cash and kind. Often they demand a lot of money from brides’ fathers as capital investment to start trades for their sons. They demand dowry also to maintain social status.

Dowry system is a curse which makes the brides the victims of regular torture. The bridegrooms oppress the brides both mentally and physically if dowry is not given according to the verbal contract. Social prejudices influence the bridegrooms to dominate and exploit the parents of brides unduly. Both families and women are the victims of the evil dowry system.

Dowry system creates greed, corruption, terrorism, malice, other malpractices and psychological abnormalities in husbands. In case of the failure of giving dowry the wives are tortured brutally and rebuked for bringing costly furniture, vehicle, jewellery and more money. Sometimes wives are burnt and strangled to death. Sometimes they cannot stand physical and mental torture and commit suicide.

Dowry is a heavy burden on the poor parents to bear. This system makes women the daily commodities which can be bought and sold. Thus the social status of women is lowered. To manage dowry for their daughters, the poor parents take loans on a high rate of interest, indulge in corruption and stealing.

Bold steps and concerted efforts are necessary for eradicating this social curse. The authorities should take drastic measures against the persons who are indulged in crimes and unlawful systems. Severe and exemplary punishment has to be inflicted on the persons indulged in taking dowry.

Corruption in Bangladesh

Corruption is a much talked about issue with its devastating role in the socio-cultural area of our country at present. Corruption means taking or giving undue advantage / facility to somebody usually in the form of some exchange.

Almost all the sections of our country are riddled with different categories of corruption like bribery, misappropriation of public resources, nepotism, favouritism, gift giving. cheating, fraud, dishonesty, intellectual corruption etc. which we need to remove in order to develop our country.

The causes of corruption are many. Greed, selfishness, worldliness, ill motive, irresponsibility, lack of patriotism and mostly the lack of punishment of the corrupt people in our society are responsible for widespread corruption in Bangladesh.

Transparency International has ranked Bangladesh as one of the most corrupt countries of the world. Actually, corruption has become a barrier to our national growth, foreign investment and overall development of the country.

Most of the funds for poverty alleviation are being misappropriated and people are being deprived. Due to this, a lot of national resources are being exhausted and Bangladesh is still enlisted as a least developed country.

Usually the big guns of society, the politicians, are involved in corruption. As a result, the distance between the rich, elite, and the poor, common masses is widening. And the poor, common masses become more poor and fail to cope up with the present situation.

To fight against corruption all classes of people should come forward. Anti-corruption campaigns should be launched to create a moral ground against it. Independent anti-corruption commission should be given enough power to file and proceed with corruption cases.

Statement of the wealth and properties of important persons particularly govt. employees and other commercially important persons must be updated and fairly verified. By raising patriotic zeal among the people and upgrading their moral values, this disease can be removed from society.

Discipline

Discipline means obeying certain rules and principles in any event or phase of life. Discipline is the root of success in life. It helps men to live in peace and happiness. It forms the basis of all the virtues. Without discipline no one can make progress in life.

Man is a social being. He cannot live alone. He has to live in society and the state. One cannot do whatever one likes. He/she has to abide by some rules and regulations. Maintaining these rules and regulations lead him/her to the goals of life.

Nature shows us great discipline. The sun, the moon, the earth, the stars, the milky-ways and all other planets are moving in their own orbit in a disciplined way. They do not come in collision with one another. We can learn the importance of discipline from these.

Starting from personal life to the national or international life discipline is important. An indiscipline life is full of problems and chaos. Student life is the best period to build the habit of discipline. Students must attend school at the right time and obey the rules of school. They have to abide by the orders of the teachers. The teachers cannot teach the students and the students cannot learn their lessons if there is no discipline.

Discipline is very necessary in the playground. A player has to show respect to the decision of the referee or the umpire. Discipline is strictly followed in the army or in the battlefield. It is the key to the success of the army. Discipline must be maintained and practised in the family. This should be cultivated in the early childhood of boys and girls.

Discipline is the most important condition of success in life. It gives some order and system in the activities of life and ultimately takes us to the peak of success. Without discipline nobody can shine and no nation can prosper.

Physical Exercise

Physical exercise is very essential for keeping good health. There is a proverb – ‘Health is wealth. There is no alternative to physical exercise to achieve this wealth. Physical exercise means systematic and regulated movement of the limbs of our body. We should be careful about physical exercise from our very childhood.

There are different kinds of physical exercise. The most common items of physical exercise are walking, swimming, cycling, rowing, riding, wrestling and so on. All forms of physical exercise are not suitable for people of all ages.

Besides, different kinds of games like football, cricket, hockey etc, also belong to physical exercise. We should take any of these exercises if we want to make the body and the mind strong and healthy.

We should exercise at the right time. After meals no exercise should be taken. It must not be taken in an empty stomach either. So, we should be aware of all these matters. Morning is the best time for physical exercise. Some exercise can be done in the evening too.

Physical exercise keeps the limbs of our body in a perfect condition. It makes our muscles strong and body active. It also helps the proper circulation of blood and improves digestion of food. It builds our personality. It provides us with energy and keeps us tension free.

It helps a student to a great extent. It helps him to concentrate his mind on his studies. It is very helpful for sound sleep. There is a maxim, “A sound mind lives in a sound body.” So, it is imperative to take physical exercise so as to keep our body fit.

A strong and manly body is the outcome of years of exercise. Student life is the time when care should be taken in this respect. We should exercise regularly. If we do so, our bodily organs can function properly. Then we can remain free from diseases. Thus, we can preserve good health. It gives us a feeling of joy and cheerfulness.

Eve Teasing

Eve teasing is a typical social crime. In recent times, the preoccupied buzz word of the society is ‘Eve teasing’. The term ‘Eve teasing’ refers to sexual harassment on women in short sense. In a larger sense, this term means all kinds of harassment done to the female community. The problem of Eve teasing received public and media attention in the 1960s. But in the following decades, it grew to an alarming state in the subcontinent.

The victims of Eve teasing are basically the school and college going girl students and university and even the female service holders. As more and more women gradually started going out to colleges and work independently, the rate of oppression and psychological torture is getting higher.

Many believe that it is the clothing of women that elicits such heinous behaviour, but the sad truth is that even conservatively dressed muslim women who wear a burqa over their clothes leaving only the eyes and feet visible are subjected to it.

There are many reasonable causes behind Eve teasing. The notable termed causes are the deterioration of social, cultural, familial and moral values. In a male dominated society, the lack of respect for women folk, the tendency to use them as the object of consummation are the pre factors that result in Eve teasing. Women are not free from guilt. Their use of indecent dress, reckless roaming in every place in inhibited time make them victimised.

Government as well as law enforcing agencies can come forward to eradicate Eve teasing. The practice of decent culture, moral values, to arrange employment scope to the unemployed can also remove Eve teasing from society.

The families who have young boys and girls can play an effective role in this case. To make a disciplined and secure society, we all should attempt to resist this bad practice. The government should take proper steps to remove it.

Global Warming

One of the biggest problems facing the world is that our production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is heating the atmosphere, and this could be very dangerous for human life. Global warming means the increase in the average temperature of the earth’s near-surface air and atmosphere.

It has been a very important issue all over the world. Many problems could result from global warming. One of the biggest problems is rising sea levels. This could result in the flooding of low lying coastal areas and cities such as Egypt, the Netherlands and Bangladesh. Some countries might even disappear completely.

Global surface temperature has increased 0.18°C during the last century. Temperature increase since the mid 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. These gases are mainly created by various human activities such as fossil fuel burning, deforestation etc. One natural cause is release of methane gas from wetlands.

Another major man-made cause of global warming is overpopulation. More people mean more food, and more transports. It also means more CO2, methane etc. because there will be more burning of fossil fuels and more agriculture.

The effects of global warming include Arctic shrinkage, Arctic methane release, releases of global carbon, methane release, sea level rise and so on. It is causing more rainfall and floods in many areas, droughts, extreme climate incidents, and changes in climate patterns.

Some regions and sectors are at great risks for this. Low-lying and less-developed countries and areas are at the greatest risk of global warming. Adaptation potential for biological and geophysical systems is estimated to be lower than for human health.

In conclusion, if we make small changes now in the way we live, we can avoid huge changes in the future. Scientists, governments and individuals must work together to overcome this threat.

Dengue Fever

Nowadays many people suffer from dengue. Dengue fever is an infectious disease carried by mosquitoes and caused by any four related dengue viruses. This disease used to be called break- bone fever because it sometimes causes severe joint and muscle pain.

Dengue fever is a quite dangerous febrile disease that can be found in the tropics and Africa. Dengue fever is transmitted by the Aedes Aegypti mosquito, which also transmits diseases such as yellow fever.

Health experts have known about dengue fever for more than 200 years. Dengue or dengue- like epidemics were reported throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries in America, southern Europe, North Africa, the eastern Mediterranean, Asia and Australia and various Islands in the Indian Ocean, the south and central Pacific and the Caribbean.

It has steadily increased in both incidence and distribution over the past 40 years. Annually, it is estimated that there are 20 million cases of dengue infection, resulting in around 24,000 deaths. Dengue fever is a flu-like viral disease common throughout the tropical and subtropical regions around the world, mainly in urban and pre-urban areas. Today, it afflicts (causes physical pain and suffering) an estimated 50 million to 100 million in the tropics.

The symptoms of dengue fever are severe headache, pain in the muscles and joints, and rash that can be described as small red spots. Some patients experience gastritis, diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Dengue fever usually starts suddenly with a high fever, headache, pain behind the eyes, and pain in the muscles and joints. A rash usually appears 3 to 4 days after the start of the fever. Nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite are common.

Each type of the dengue virus is re-emerging worldwide, especially in the western hemisphere. Researches have shown that several factors are contributing to the resurgence of dengue fever such as uncontrolled urbanisation, increased international travel, substandard socio-economic conditions, and finally global warming.

Global warming has shown to be a major contributor to the spread of dengue fever. Global warming can cause dry spells in some countries and increased rainfall and humidity in others. The dry spells reduce small medium bodies of water like springs and ponds to small puddles that become potential breeding ground for mosquitoes. Likewise increased rainfall and humidity also leads to collection of water that affords possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Dengue is spread by the Aedes Aegypti, a domestic, day-biting mosquito that prefers to bite humans. They breed in clean water. Currently there is no vaccine available to prevent dengue. Scientists are also trying to invent a vaccine against dengue fever, but the researches are only at the stage of experiments yet. The only treatment is rest and intake of plenty of fluids like water, juices, milk etc.

The researchers therefore conclude that dengue fever should be considered in the differential diagnosis of fever and rash in the returning traveller. Dermatologists should be aware of the distinctive exanthema of dengue fever. Recognition of the dengue fever rash permits a rapid and early diagnosis, which is critical as dengue fever can progress to life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, which is fatal and obviously can cause death to the victim.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition is an impairment of health resulting from a deficiency, excess or imbalance of nutrients. It includes under nutrition, which refers to a deficiency of calories and/or one or more essential nutrients and over nutrition which is an excess of one or more nutrients and usually of calories.

Malnutrition can often be very difficult to recognize, particularly in patients who are overweight or obese to start with. Malnutrition can happen very gradually, which can make it very difficult to spot in the early stages.

Some of the symptoms and signs to watch out for include: Loss of appetite, Weight loss clothes, rings, jewellery, dentures may become loose, Tiredness, loss of energy, Reduced ability to perform normal tasks, Reduced physical performance – for example, not being able to walk as far or as fast as usual, Altered mood malnutrition can be associated with lethargy and depression, Poor concentration, Poor growth in children.

The risk group of malnutrition includes: Older people over the age of 65, People with long-term conditions, such as diabetes, kidney disease, chronic lung disease. People with chronic progressive conditions-for example, dementia or cancer, People who abuse drugs or alcohol. There are also social factors that can increase the risk of malnutrition including: Poverty, Social isolation, Cultural norms.

Bangladeshi children suffer from high rates of micronutrient deficiencies, particularly vitamin A. iron, iodine and zinc deficiency. Bangladesh should be commended for making significant progress in reducing vitamin A deficiency.

Malnutrition among women is also extremely prevalent in Bangladesh. More than 50 percent of women suffer from chronic energy deficiency and studies suggest that there has been little improvement in women’s nutritional status over the past 20 years.

In Bangladesh, malnutrition is caused by multiple factors. The immediate causes are diseases and inadequate intake of food. The underlying causes of malnutrition include the inability of households to grow and/or purchase sufficient food for their needs; poor maternal and child-care practices, including inadequate breastfeeding and complementary feeding for infants and young children and inadequate provision of food for adolescent girls and pregnant and lactating women.

Bangladesh made substantial progress in reducing malnutrition between 1990 and 2000, with the proportion of underweight children falling from 66.6 percent to 51.1 percent, and the level of child stunting falling from 65.5 percent to 48.8 per cent.

Finally, the expansion of therapeutic and supplementary food interventions was proposed for the management of acute malnutrition in both facility and community levels to take care of the large numbers of acutely malnourished children.

Health is Wealth

Health is wealth is a common proverb which reveals a very simple meaning by comparing the value of health with the wealth. It is said in this proverb that the health of a man is as important as the wealth to live a healthy, peaceful and prosperous life.

Everyone knows that nothing is more important in life than good health. No one can be happy and peaceful without good health. There is no success in people’s lives if they suffer from bad health. Unhealthy people carry various diseases so they cannot enjoy the real pleasure of being a rich person.

In reality, health is more valuable for a person than money because money cannot buy good health and happiness if someone is suffering from an untreatable disease. However, using money one can maintain his/her health.

Money is only a source to remain in the state of happiness. People having sound health enjoy their life in all aspects like physically, mentally, socially, intellectually and financially. Maintaining health is not so simple however not so easy too.

Good or bad health depends upon several factors including genetic condition, healthy food, environment, life style, sleeping habits, social status, psychological condition, financial condition, family status, air, water, and many more things.

A good health reduces the stress level and promotes a healthy life without any sufferings. We should always be aware of our health and go for regular health check-ups. We should eat balanced food having fresh fruits, salad, green leafy vegetables, milk, egg, dahi, etc in a timely manner in order to maintain good health. A good health also needs some daily physical activities, proper rest and sleep, cleanliness, healthy environment, fresh air and water, personal hygiene, etc.

In order to reduce our rush between hospital and home, maintaining good health is a better idea. Maintaining good health is a good habit which should be practised from childhood with the help of parents.

Prevention is better than cure

Prevention is always better than cure. If we know that something with the passage of time might become dangerous, then it is better to take a precautionary step to combat the danger. In fact, “Prevention is better than cure” is one of the most common and popular proverbs.

Prevention means to avoid and cure means to correct anything that is troublesome or detrimental. Many of us do not stick to the power of prevention until trouble knocks. Troubles or problems can be averted or made mild by prevention. But foolish beliefs sometimes rule the minds of right-thinking people and compel them to follow unwise advice.

Lubricating a ceiling fan is easier and cheaper than rewinding a burnt fan. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is healthier, cheaper and happier than curing any critical illness. Maintaining balance in society is better than spending huge amounts on military and police departments to check evil activities in the society.

If you are a student, then you should study every day. But generally all the confusion arises when you study only during exams. When you ignore your study in the early stages, then you end up working hard during your examinations and risk your success.

There is no need to gamble on your success if you do your studies appropriately on time. Similarly, you should immediately go to a doctor and start your treatment, if there are certain visible symptoms of a disease, before getting diagnosed with that disease.

There have been many cancer cases where the patients did not take their health seriously and later on with further deterioration of their health, they came to know that they were suffering from cancer and which was in the second or third stage.

Had they been to the doctor earlier and got their disease diagnosed, then they could have been easily cured in the first stage. Even in the case of other diseases, early detection helps in taking better preventive measures.

Thinking that the disease will get automatically cured or avoiding a doctor may result in aggravation of the problem and raise expenses or even endanger your life. We can take precautionary measures by choosing a healthy diet and making it a point to exercise regularly. Regular exercise and good nutritious food will make us less prone to diseases, and will also result in our healthy heart, mind and body.

Preventive measures taken in work areas also lessen the intensity of suffering. For example, if you focus on the market you can save yourself from financial catastrophe by perceiving the future losses. Preventive measures also help in controlling population.

Wise men always use this formula for success. They never wait for the deadline to approach to start their work. Instead, they finish their work before deadline. This gives them time to solve any unseen problem that might occur during the process of their work.

No man is perfect and we all commit mistakes. But with the help of prevention, one can avoid many disasters, complexities, confusion and destruction. We can check ourselves from doing something by thinking about the outcome (that can happen because of our negligence) first and then take appropriate action. Every action should be measured carefully because solving the problem will be more time-consuming and more painful compared to taking precaution.

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