Computer Science – This book covers the entire syllabus of “Computer & Information Technology” prescribed by the BNMC for B.Sc. in Nursing Science & Diploma in Nursing Science & Midwifery students. We tried to accommodate the latest information and topics.
This book is an examination setup according to the teachers’ lectures and examination questions. We hope in touch with the book students’ knowledge will be upgraded and flourished. The unique way of presentation may make your reading of the book a pleasurable experience.
Computer Science
Computer science is the study of computers and computing concepts. It includes both hardware and software, as well as networking and the Internet.
The hardware aspect of computer science overlaps with electrical engineering. It covers the basic design of computers and the way they work. A fundamental understanding of how a computer “computes,” or performs calculations, provides the foundation for comprehending more advanced concepts. For example, understanding how a computer operates in binary allows you to understand how computers add, subtract, and perform other operations. Learning about logic gates enables you to make sense of processor architecture.
The software side of computer science covers programming concepts as well as specific programming languages. Programming concepts include functions, algorithms, and source code design. Computer science also covers compilers, operating systems, and software applications. User-focused aspects of computer science include computer graphics and user interface design.
Since nearly all computers are now connected to the Internet, the computer science umbrella covers Internet technologies as well. This includes Internet protocols, telecommunications, anc networking concepts. It also involves practical applications, such as web desigr and network administration.
Examples of Computer Science courses include:
- Introduction to Computing
- Fundamental Programming Concepts
- Data Structures
- Analysis of Algorithms
- Computing Theory
Computer Science classes may also be specific to certain industries or topics. Exampleso
include:
- Video Game Design
- Computer Graphics
- Database Systems
- Cryptography
- Networking Concept
Computer Terminology/Definitions of computer and Information
Technology
Adobe Acrobat Reader
Acrobat Reader is software that allows you to view a PDF document (a document that can be seen but not changed). It can be downloaded free of charge from Adobe.
ADSL
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber line (DSL) broadband technology that is used to connect to the Internet. It uses standard telephone lines to deliver high- speed data communications (up to 24 megabytes per second).
Analogue
Analogue is a conventional method of transmitting data. Standard landline telephones use analogue technology. It is distinct from digital technology, which provides for greater quality and speed of data transmission.
Assistive technology
Assistive technology refers to any software or hardware that acts to assist and improve the functional capabilities of people with disabilities. Examples include wheelchairs, prosthetics, voice-to-text technology and text-to-speech technology.
Attachment
An attachment is a document sent with an email message. Many types of files can be sent this way (e.g. Word documents, PDFs, Excel files, JPEGs). Be wary of attaching large files because these can take a lot of time for the recipient to download. If you have a large file, it is considered good practice to compress the file using software such as Winzip before attaching it.
ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit)
ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) is a circuit component of CPU that deals with the mathematical calculations.
Animation:
Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other.
Back-end
Back-end refers to the part of an application that performs an essential task not apparent to the user.
Backward compatible
If software is backward compatible, it is compatible with earlier (superseded) versions of the same software. For example, the Microsoft word-processing program Word 2010 can read files created in the 2003 version of the same program, so it is backward compatible,
Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can travel a communications path in a given time, usually measured in seconds.
Bit
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of measurement in computing. 8 bits make up 1 byte.
Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless communications technology intended to replace cables. It allows short- range connections between two or more Bluetooth-compatible devices such as mobile phones, tablets, headsets or medical equipment.
Bookmark
A bookmark is a saved link to a particular Web page. Microsoft Internet Explorer denotes bookmarks as “favourites.”
Boolean operators
Most search engines (e.g. Google) allow you to limit your search or make it more specific by using words such as “and”, “or” and “not”. These words are known as boolean operators because of their origin as terms in logic.
Boot (re-boot)
To boot (or re-boot) is to load and initialise the operating system on a computer. Think of it as starting up your computer. In Windows you can use the key combination CTRL and ALT and DEL as a “soft” boot. This means restarting the computer rather than turning it completely off and on again, which could cause damage to your computer’s hard disk under some
circumstances.
Bounce back
An email message that cannot be delivered and returns an error notification to the sender is said to “bounce back”. If you receive such an error notification, check that you have typed the address correctly.
Broadband
Broadband is a type of communications technology whereby a single wire can carry more than one type of signal at once; for example, audio and video. Cable TV is one technology that uses broadband data transmission.
Browser
A software program that allows you to surf the web. Popular web browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer.
Cache
When you download (read) a web page, the data is “cached,” meaning it is temporarily stored on your computer. The next time you want that page, instead of requesting the file from the web server, your web browser just accesses it from the cache, so the page loads quickly. The downside to this is that if the cached web page is often updated,
CAD
Computer-aided design (CAD) is a type of software that allows users to create 2D and 3D design and modelling. CAD is used by architects, engineers, artists and other professionals to create precise technical drawings.
Chip
A chip is a microprocessor that performs many functions and calculations that make your computer run. Your computer’s chip is also referred to as the CPU (Central Processing Unit) or the processor.
Cloud computing
Cloud computing refers to the storing and accessing of data and programs over the Internet instead of on another type of hard drive. Examples of Cloud services include iCloud, Google Cloud and Dropbox.
Compression
Compression is the reduction of the size of a file. Compressed files take up less memory and can be downloaded or sent over the Internet more quickly.
Computer Network
Computer network is defined as a group of computers connected by communication facilities for haring resources.
Content
Content refers to a website’s text and information, as opposed to its design and structure.
Cookie
piece of code or data created by a web server and stored on a user’s computer It is used to eep track of the user’s usage patterns and preferences.
CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) is the brains behind your computer. The CPU is responsı. le For performing calculations and tasks that make programs work. The higher the speed of a CPU, The faster the CPU undertakes the calculations and tasks.
CU (Control Unit)
CU (Control Unit) is one of the two main components of the CPU. It deals with the coordination etween the hardware devices attached with each either.
Cybercrime
Cybercrime is any type of illegal activity that is undertaken (or relies heavily) on a computer. There are thousands of types of cybercrime, including network intrusions, identity theft and the preading of computer viruses.
Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity refers to measures designed to protect your computer, device or network from cybercrime. This involves preventing unintended and unauthorised access, change and damage.
Computer Storage
A computer storage device is any type of hardware that stores data.
Communication Media:
Communication media refers to the means of delivering and receiving data or information. In telecommunication, these means are transmission and storage tools or channels for data storage and transmission.
CD-DVD-ROM
A CD-ROM is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for “Compact Disc Read-Only Memory”
Device driver
A device driver is a small program that allows a peripheral device such as a printer or scanner to connect to your PC.
Domain
A domain is a set of computers on a network that are managed as a unit.
Download
Downloading is the method by which users access and save or “pull down” software or other files to their own computers from a remote computer via the Internet. Jerrabou Ueda or
DV
DV stands for digital video.
Email or electronic mail is a way of sending messages over the internet. Popular email programs include Outlook, Mozilla Thunderbird, Gmail and Yahoo Mail.
Encryption
Encryption is the process of converting electronic data to an unrecognisable or encrypted form, one that cannot be easily understood by unauthorised parties.
Ethernet
Ethernet is the most common way of connecting computers on a network with a wired connection. It is a type of local area network (LAN) technology, providing a simple interface for connecting multiple devices.
EPROM:
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory designed for recover the problems of PROM and ROM.
EEPROM:
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory similar to the EPROM but it uses electrical beam for erase the data of ROM.
Facebook is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues.
Firewall
A firewall is a barrier that acts as a security system to protect trusted computer systems and networks from outside connections and untrusted networks, such as the Internet, Died A
FTP
File transfer protocol (FTP) is a common method of transferring files via the internet from one host to another host.
Floppy disk
A floppy disk, also called a floppy, diskette, or just disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that removes dust particles.
Gateway
A point within a network that interconnects with other networks.
GIF
Graphics interchange format (GIF) is a graphics file format. Because GIF files are compressed, they can be quickly and easily transmitted over a network. GIF is one of the main graphics formats on the Internet.
Graphics:
Graphics refers to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying and manipulating pictures.
Hard disk
The physical place where a computer stores information – applications and files – is known as its lo hard disk drive (HDD). The bigger the HDD, the more data it can store.
Home page
The page that an Internet browser first opens up to. It is usually the starting point of an organisation’s or individual’s website.
HTML
Hyper-text markup language (HTML) is a set of symbols inserted into files intended for display on the world wide web. The symbols tell web browsers how to display words and images – e.g. which colour, font and type size to use and they direct it to link to other pages on the world wide web via hyperlinks.
Hard disk
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. logical Hel
Internet
A set of interconnected networks that allow computers in different locations to exchange information. The Internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer protocol (FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.
ISP
An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the Internet. In Australia, widely used ISPs include Bigpond, iinet and Dodo.
Intranet
An intranet is basically a private, internal internet specific to an organization or group.
Internet Server:
In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called “clients”. This architecture is called the client-server model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices.
Information Technology:
Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data.
ICT:
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technologies. ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications.
Input Unit:
An input device is a hardware or peripheral device used to send data to a computer. avail An input device allows users to communicate and feed instructions and data to computers for processing, display, storage and/or transmission
Java
Java is a programming language that is commonly used in the development of client-server web applications.
JPEG
JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, which was the committee that created the file format known as JPEG. The format is commonlyl used for photos displayed on the world wide web.
LAN
A local area network (LAN) is a system that connects computers and other devices that share a common communications line and wireless link, generally within a limited geographical area
such as a home or office building.
Malware
Malware” is short for malicious software. It refers to a software program that has been developed to do harm to other computers. Types of malware include viruses, worms and spyware.
Mesh Topology:
In a mesh network, devices are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network.
Microsoft Office:
Microsoft Office is an integrated suite of business software applications for Windows and Macintosh computers. Office includes word processing, spreadsheet, presentation graphics and email communication programs that provide functionality which is commonly used to run a business office.
MS-Word:
Microsoft Word is a word processing program that allows for the creation of
both simple and sophisticated documents.
Ms Excel:
Microsoft Excel is a software program produced by Microsoft that allows users to organize, format and calculate data with formulas using a spreadsheet system.
Megabyte
A measure of computer processor storage and real and virtual memory. A megabyte (Mb) is 2 to the 20th power bytes, or 1,048,576 bytes in decimal notation.
Megahertz
Megahertz is the unit used to measure the speed of a computer’s processor (e.g. 2.8Ghz)
Modem
A modem is a device that allows computers to transmit information to each other via ordinary
telephone lines.
Multimedia:
Multimedia is the field concerned with the computer-controlled integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (Video), animation, audio, and any other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed digitally.
Network topology
Network topology is the arrangement of a network, including its nodes and connecting lines. There are two ways of defining network geometry: the physical topology and the logical (or signal) topology.
Online
If a computer (or computer user) is online, it is currently connected to a network or to the Internet. Online also refers to resources and services available on the Internete.g. online banking, online dictionary.
Operating system
An operating system (OS) is the software that manages all of a computer’s processes and allows programs and applications to run. The most prominent operating system is Microsoft Windows. Others include Mac OS X and Linux.
Output Unit:
An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user. Most computer date output that is meant for humans is in the form of audio or video. Thus, most output devices used by humans are in these categories.
Portable document format (PDF) is a file type created by Adobe Systems Inc. PDFs can be read using free software called Adobe Acrobat Reader or another PDF reader.
Phishing
Phishing is a type of email fraud in which the perpetrator sends out emails that appear to come from a legitimate service or reputable company, such as a bank or an email service provider. These emails aim to lure recipients to reveal confidential information that the perpetrator can use for their financial advantage – for example, online banking log-in details and passwords.
Plug-in
A software plug-in is a component that adds to a software program’s functionality.
POP
A Post office protocol (POP) is an Internet protocol used by your Internet service provider (ISP)
to handle email. A POP account is an email account.dongarb
PPM
Pages per minute (PPM) generally refers to the speed of a printer.
Processor
The processor is the brains of your computer. It is responsible for performing calculations and tasks that make programs work. The faster the processor, the faster the computer works.
Protocol
A protocol is a standard or set of rules that computers and other devices use when
communicating with one another.
PROM:
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) maintains large storage media but can’t offer the 10 erase features in ROM.
Power Point
Power Point is a presentation software program that is part of the Microsoft Office package. Power Point uses a graphical approach to presentations in the form of slide shows that accompany the oral delivery of the topic.
Primary Memory/Volatile Memory:
Primary Memory also called as volatile memory because the memory can’t store the data permanently. Primary memory select any part of memory when user want to save the data in memory but that may not be store permanently on that location. It also has another name i.e. RAM.
RAM
Random access memory (RAM) is usually referred to as a computer’s “memory” it stores information used by programs. Generally, the larger your computer’s RAM, the more programs it can run at once without slowing down.
Read-only
A read-only file cannot be edited, modified or deleted.
Resolution
Resolution refers to the number of distinct pixels that make up the display on a computer monitor. It is denoted in DPI (dots per inch). The higher the resolution, the finer and smoother the images appear when displayed at a given size.
ROM
ROM stands for read-only memory. It is the part of a computer’s memory that cannot be changed by a user. The contents of ROM remain even when the computer is turned off.
SAAS
SAAS stands for software as a service. It is a software distribution model whereby software applications are centrally hosted and licensed on a subscription basis.
Search engine
A search engine enables a computer user to search information on the Internet. It is a type of software that creates indexes of databases or Internet sites based on the titles of files, keywords, or the full text of files. The most popular search engines are
- Google.com.au,
- Yahoo.com.au and
- Bing.com.au.
SSL
SL, of secure sockets layer, is a protocol protocol that allows Internet users to send encrypted messages across the Internet. It is generally used when transmitting confidential information (e.g. personal data or credit card details). A web address that begins with “https” indicates that an SSL connection is in use.
SEO
SEO, or search engine optimisation, is the practice of making adjustments to certain aspects of a website in an effort to improve its ranking on search engines.
Server
A server is a computer that handles requests for data, email, file transfers, and other network services from other computers.
Spam
Spam refers to unsolicited email messages sent for marketing purposes.
Secondary Memory/Non Volatile Memory:
Secondary memory is external and permanent memory that is useful to store the external storage media such as floppy disk, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes and etc. cache devices.
Star Topology:
In a star network devices are connected to a central computer, called a hub. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub.
Software:
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) defines software as a – “Collection of computer programs, procedures, rules and associated documentation and data.”
Or,
Software, in its most general sense, is a set of instructions or programs instructing a computer to do specific tasks.
Hardware:
Hardware is the Physical equipment that makes up a computer system, such as circuit boards, keyboard and mouse, monitor, printer, power supply, storage devices.
Telnet:
Telnet is a protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication facility using a virtual terminal connection.
Unzip
To unzip a zip file is to extract and decompress compressed files from it. If you are sent a zip file via email, you will need to unzip it before you can access the files inside it.
URL
A URL (unique resource locator) or web address is the string of characters you type into a browser to access a particular website or other resource on the Internet.
Unit of Memory:
A modern computer has the following hardware components: input/output devices, processing unit, memory unit and secondary storage. The memory unit is the principal storage of the computer. All the data and instructions that the computer needs at a moment are stored here.
Viral
If an online video, photo or article “goes viral”, it experiences a sudden spike in popularity in a short period of time.
Virus
A virus is a piece of programming code inserted into other programming to cause damage. Viruses can be sent in many forms but are often transmitted via email messages that, when opened, may erase data or cause damage to your hard disk. Some viruses are able to enter your email system and send themselves to other people in your list of contacts
Web Browser
An internet browser, also known as a web browser or simply a browser, is a software program that use to access the internet and view web pages on computer.
Web Page:
A web page (also written as webpage) is a document that is suitable for the World Wide Web and web browsers. A web browser displays a web page on a monitor or mobile device. The web page is what displays, but the term also refers to a computer file, usually written in HTML or comparable markup language.
Web Site:
A website or simply a site, is a collection of related web pages, including multimedia content, typically identified with a common domain name, and published on at least one web server.
WEP
Wired equivalent privacy (WEP) is a security protocol used in wi-fi networks. It is designed to provide a wireless local area network (LAN) with a level of security similar to that of a regular wired LAN. WEP-secured networks are usually protected by passwords. (See also WAP.)
Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate via a wireless signal. Essentially, it means you can browse the internet without tripping over phone cords.
WPA
Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) is a security protocol used in wi-fi networks. It is an improvement on WEP because it offers greater protection through more sophisticated data encryption.
WAN
WAN is a network that covers a broad area using private or public network transports.
World Wide Web
World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet.
Word Processing Software:
Word processing software is an electronic device or computer software application that performs the task of composing, editing, formatting, and printing of documents.
Zip
To zip files is to archive and compress them into one file of smaller size using a program such as WinZip. It’s a handy way to make files smaller before sending them via email.
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