Cross matching and Effects of mismatched blood transfusion-The course is designed for the basic understanding of anatomical structures and physiological functions of human body, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, respiratory system; cardiovascular system; urinary system, endocrine system, reproductive system, nervous system, hematologic system, sensory organs, integumentary system, and immune system.The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge and skills regarding anatomy and physiology.
Cross matching and Effects of mismatched blood transfusion
Effects of mismatched blood transfusion:
A.Immediate reaction:
- Shivering & restlessness
- Nausea & vomiting
- Chest & lumber pain
- Tightness of the chest
- Blood pressure (eg. down to 70 mm Hg)
B. Delayed effect:
- Inapparent hemolysis.
- Post transfusion jaundice.
- Hemoglobinuria.
- Anuria
- Renal failure.
- Shock
(Ref: Wright’s, 13hed, P-49)
Cross matching:
Following processes are used in cross matching
- Donor’s red cells mixed with recipient’s serum, and seen whether there is any agglutination or not
- Again, recipient’s red cells are mixed with donor’s serum and seen whether there is any agglutination or not.
Importance: To determine the compatibility of blood in the recipient body
Universal recipients
The persons with type AB (+) blood are “universal recipients” because they have no circulating agglutinin and can be given blood of any type without developing a transfusion reaction due to ABO incompatibility
Universal Donors:
Type O negative blood does not have any antigens. The persons with type “O blood are “Universal donor’s because they lack of ‘A’ & ‘B’ antigens and type “O blood can given to anyone without producing a transfusion reaction due to ABO incompatibility
ESR
ESR means Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. If blood containing an anticoagulant is allowed to stand in a narrow vertical tube for one hour, the erythrocytes settle down to the bottom of the tube. The rate at which settle down occurs is called erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
The factors that influence increase & decrease the ESR
| Factors increased ESR | Factor decreased ESR |
| A. Physiological conditions: | A. Physiological conditions: |
| i. During menstruation. | i. In high altitude. |
| ii। During pregnancy. | ii. In dehydration. |
| ii. High atmospheric pressure | iv. Defect of rouleaux formation. |
| B. Pathological conditions: | B. Pathological conditions: |
| i. Tuberculosis (common). | i. Polycythemia vera. |
| ii. Chronic inflammation | ii. Sickle cell anemia. |
| iii. Malignancy | iii. Haemocromatosis |
| iv. Hemorrhage | |
| v. Acute rheumatic fever | |
| vi. Rheumatoid arthritis | |
| vii. Anemia |
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