Definition of Behavior – Behavioral sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioral interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling.
It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society.
Definition of Behavior
According to Woodworth (1948)
“Behavior can be defined as any manifestation of life activity”
Or,
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (Commonwealth English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment.
Types of Behavior:
A. Appropriate Behavior
- Description: Accomplishes desired and desired goals without trespassing on the needs and rights of others. This also includes suitable emotional responses.
- Example: Keeps hale and hearty eating habits; Acquires satisfaction for a work done or problems solved without depreciating others.
B. Deficit Behavior
- Description: Nonexistence of knowledge and skills needed for carrying out the behavior.
- Example: Active studying, note taking; passive responding in social circumstances
C. Excess Behavior
- Description: Too much of a Behavior
- Example: Consuming alcohol until passed out. Eats to much and Smoking,
D. Inappropriate Behavior
- Description: The behavior takes place at a place or time which is inappropriate. If it happened under other situations then the inappropriate behavior would be adequate.
- Example: Exhibitionism or Bed-wetting
E. Maladaptive or Emotional Behavior
- Description: Skilled with performance however has a stronger than distinctive autonomic system response, frequently it is anxieties and fears.
- Example: Test Anxiety; shyness
Causes of Individual Behavior/Factors Influencing Individual Behavior
The way an individual addresses a situation single-handedly or say in a group many factors. The key factors influencing an individual’s life are –
1. Abilities
2. Gender
3. Race and cultureart
4. Attribution
5. Perception
6. Attitude
Abilities
Abilities are the traits a person learns from the environment around as well as the traits a person is gifted with by birth. These traits are broadly classified as –
- Intellectual abilities
- Physical abilities
- Self-awareness abilities
Gender
Research proves that men and women both stand equal in terms of job performance and mental abilities; however, society still emphasizes differences between the two genders. Absenteeis is one area in an organization where differences are found as women are considered to be the primary caregiver for children. A factor that might influence work allocation and evaluation in an organization’ is the manager’s perception and personal values.
For example – An organization encourages both genders to work efficiently towards, the nsito an individuа умирот company’s goal and no special promotion or demotion is given or tolerated for any specific gender.
Race & Culture
Race is a group of people sharing similar physical features. It is used to define types of persons according to perceived traits. For example Indian, African. On the other hand, culture can be defined as the traits, ideas, customs and traditions one follows either as a person or in a group, For example – Celebrating a festival.
Perception
Perception is an intellectual process of transforming sensory stimuli into meaningful information. It is the process of interpreting something that we see or hear in our mind and use it later to judge and give a verdict on a situation, person, group, etc.
can be divided into six types namely –
- Of sound – the ability to receive sound by identifying vibrations.
- Of speech – the competence of interpreting and understanding the sounds of language heard.
- Touch – Identifying objects through patterns of its surface by touching it.
- Taste – the ability to detect flavor of substances by tasting it through sensory organs known as taste buds.
- Other senses – other senses include balance, acceleration, pain, time, sensation felt in throat and lungs etc.
- Of the social world – It permits people to understand other individuals and groups of their social world.
For example – Priya goes to a restaurant and likes their customer service, so she will perceive that it is a good place to hang out and will recommend it to her friends, who may or may not like it. However, Priya’s perception about the restaurant remains good.
Attribution
Attribution is the course of observing behavior followed by determining its cause based on individual’s personality or situation.
Attribution framework uses the following three criteria –
- Consensus – The extent to which people in the same situation might react similarly.
- Distinctiveness – The extent to which a person’s behavior can be associated to situations
or personality. - Consistency – The frequency measurement of the observed behavior, that is, how often does this behavior occur.
The framework mentioned says it is all about how an individual behaves in different situations. For example – Rohit invites Anisha and two more friends for a movie and they agree to bunk and watch the movie, this is consensus. Bunking of class says that they are not interested in their lectures, this is distinctiveness. A little change in the situation, like if Rohit frequently starts bunking the class then his friends may or may not support him. The frequency of their support and their rejection decides consistency.
Attitude
Attitude is the abstract learnt reaction or say response of a person’s entire cognitive process over a time span.
For example – A person who has worked with different companies might develop an attitude of indifference towards organizational citizenship.
Now we have a clear idea about what are the factors responsible for the way we behave. We never think about these elements and how they affect our daily life but we can’t ignore the fact that they are responsible for the way we walk, talk, eat, socialize, etc.
For SAQ
Causes For Individual Behavior
Internal factors
- Genes
- Physiological aspects
- Psychological aspects
- Cognitive experiences
- Emotional experiences
External factors
- Family
- School/education
- Peer group
- Work environment
- Living environment
- Written laws
- Unwritten “laws”
- Taboos
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