Latrine and Sanitary Latrines – This book covers the entire syllabus of “Community Health Nursing” prescribed by the Universities of Bangladesh- for Basic and diploma nursing students. We tried to accommodate latest information and topics.
This book is examination friendly setup according to the teachers’ lectures and examination’s questions. At the end of the book previous university questions are given. We hope in touch with the book students’ knowledge will be upgraded and flourished. The unique way of presentation may make your reading of the book a pleasurable experience.
Latrine and Sanitary Latrines
Latrines
Latrine is a device where one can ease oneself in response to the call of the nature with proper privacy.
Classification of latrine
1. Service type latrines:
- Pail or bucket latrine
- Commode latrine
- Chemical closet
2. Non-service (sanitary latrines):
- Bore hole latrine
- Dug well or pit latrine na bee mitten stickey
- Water seal latrine
- Septic tank
- Aqua privay
3. Temporary latrines useful for camps:
- Shallow trench latrine
- Deep trench latrine
- Pit latrine
- Bore hole latrine
Characteristics of Sanitary Latrines
A sanitary latrine is one which fulfils the following criteria:
- Excreta should not contaminate the ground or surface water.
- Excreta should not pollute the soil.
- Excreta should not be accessible to flies, rodents, animals (pigs, dogs, cattle etc.) anc
other vehicles of transmission. 4. Excreta should not create a nuisance due to odor or unsightly appearance.
- No need to handling fresh faeces.
- Simple and inexpensive in construction and operation.
- Culturally acceptable to the community.
Refuse
Definition of Refuse
Refuse may be defined as the solid waste materials arising from houses, streets, markets, restaurants, industries, agricultural firms, stables etc. during activities of man.
Classification/Types of Refuse
1. According to physical characteristics:
- Dry refuse -Straw, leaves, papers, dust, ashes, rubbish (paper, clothing, bits of wood, metal, glass, dust and dirt).
- Wet refuse Garbage (waste food, vegetable peelings and other organic matter).
2. According to putrefying ability.
- Putrefiable garbage
- Non-putrefiable – cloth, paper, brick, bits of wood, metal, glass, dust and dirt etc.
3. According to burning characteristics:
- Combustible paper, dry leaves, straw etc.
- Non-combustible – brick, ash, dirt etc.
4. According to source:
- Street refuse – leaves, straw, paper, animal droppings and litter of all kinds.
- Market refuse – vegetables and animal matter.
- Stable refuse – animal droppings, left over animal feeds.
- Industrial refuse – Inert materials such as calcium carbonate, highly toxic and explosive compounds.
- Domestic refuse – ash, rubbish, garbage.
- Agricultural refuse – Organic substances.
Sources of Refuse
1. Street refuse: It is the refuse collected by the street cleansing service or scavenging. It consists of leaves, straw, paper, animal droppings and litter of all kinds.
2. Market refuse: It is the refuse collected from markets. It contains putrid vegetable and animal matter.
3. Stable litter: It is the refuse collected from stables. It contains animal droppings and left- over animal feeds.
4. Industrial refuse: It is the refuse that comprises a wide variety of wastes ranging from completely inert materials such as calcium carbonate to highly toxic and explosive compounds.
5. Domestic refuse: It is the refuse collected from the houses. It consists of garbage, rubbish, and ash.
6. Hospital refuse; It may contain both organic and inorganic wastes such as kitchen waste material, laboratory waste material, discarded syringes, needles, dressings, human tissues etc.
Types of domestic refuse :
(i) Garbage: Garbage is waste matter arising from the preparation, cooking and consumption of food. It consists of waste food, vegetable peelings and other organic matter.
(ii) Rubbish: Comprises non-putrefiable wastes of paper, polythene bags, clothing, wood, glass, empty cans, boxes, scrap metals, broken pieces of crookery, dust and dirt.
(iii) Ash: It is the residue after burning of coal, wood or other fuel.
Steps of Refuse disposal (Disposal system of Refuse/Solid wastes):
- Storage
- Collection
- Transportation
- Methods of disposal
- Treatment and disposal
A. Storage of Refuse
1. The standard method is to put the household refuse in galvanized or plastic containers fitted with lids. It is better to put the refuse in paper bags before storage in the container.
2. If the garbage and rubbish can be stored separately it will facilitate the disposal, salvaging and recycling.
B. Collection of Refuse
1. It is the responsibility of the municipality or other agency. House-to-house collection is by far the best method of collecting refuse. In Dhaka, this is a popular system.
2. Household wastes are collected for its transportation
C. Transportation of Refuse
1. It is the process of transferring refuse from the local collection containers to the place of final disposal by vehicles.
2. Vehicles used for transportation of refuse are: pedal tricycles, motor tricycles, tractors, trucks, fore and aft tipper, container hoist etc.
3. Proper transportation of refuse depends on following factors:
- More efficient vehicle design.
- Enclosure of refuse at all stages of storage and collection to reduce health risks to residents and workers.
- An efficient management structure supported by trained personnel.
- System should be easy and accepted by community people. Public awareness for refuse disposal is essential.
Methods of Refuse disposal
The principal methods of refuse disposal are –
- Dumping
- Controlled tipping or sanitary land-fill
- Incineration
- Composting
- Manure Pits
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