Polyuria, Oliguria and Anuria – The course is designed for the basic understanding of anatomical structures and physiological functions of human body, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, respiratory system; cardiovascular system; urinary system, endocrine system, reproductive system, nervous system, hematologic system, sensory organs, integumentary system, and immune system.The aim of the course is to acquire knowledge and skills regarding anatomy and physiology.
Polyuria, Oliguria and Anuria
When the urination or urine volume is > 2 liters/day, it is called polyuria.
Polyuria:
Causes:
1. Physiological:
- Excess fluid intake.
- Mental disturbances.
2. Pathological:
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Diabetes insipidus.
- Chronic renal disease.
- Hyperglycemia.
- Hypercalcemia.
- Drugs. e.g. Diuretics, ethanol etc.
Oliguria:
Excretion of < 300 ml of per day is called Oliguria.
Causes of Oliguria:
- Acute glomerulonephritis.
- Nephrotic syndrome.
- Excessive loss of fluid by Diarrhea or Vomiting.
- Shock
Anuria:
Complete cessation of urine output or no urine output for 24 hours is called Anuria.
Causes:
- Shock & collapse.
- Incompatible blood transfusion.
- Toxic effects of drugs, e.g. sulfonamides.
Some common disorders and terminology of urinary system
Albuminuria: Presence of albumin in urine.
Aneuria: Cessation of urine flow due to severe kidney disease.
Diuretics: The drug or agents, which increase excretion of urine and solutes by acting on renal tubule. e.g. Frusemide, Thiazide, Tea, Coffee, Alcohol etc.
Dysuria (dys painful; uria = urine) Painful urination.
Enuresis: Involuntary voiding of urine after the age at which voluntary control has typically been attained.
Glucosuria: Presence of glucose in urine.
Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney. One of the most common causes is an allergic reaction to the toxins produced by streptococcal bacteria that have recently infected another part of the body, especially the throat.
Haematuria: Presence of blood (RBC) in urine.
Hemoglobinuria: Presence of Hb in urine.
Ketonuria: Presence of ketonbodies in urine.
Micturition :- Urination.
Nocturia: Passage of more urine at night resulting in bed-wetting; occurs in about 15% of 5-year-old children and generally resolves spontaneously, afflicting only about 1% of adults.
Oliguria: Reduction (less than 300ml/day) of urinary output.
Orthostatic proteinuria: Presence of abnormal quantity of protein in urine when an individual micturates in standing position but protein free in lying down condition.
Polyuria: ↑ in urinary output.
Proteinuria: Presence of abnormal quantity (more than usual amount, i.e. >150 gm/day) of protein in urine. (Mainly albumin).
Renal failure is a decrease or cessation of glomerular filtration.
In acute renal failure (ARF) the kidneys abruptly stop working entirely (or almost entirely). The main feature of ARF is the suppression of urine flow, leading to oliguria or anuria.
Chronic renal failure (CRF) refers to a progressive and usually irreversible decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CRF may result from chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, or traumatic loss of kidney tissue.
Read more: