Pharmacology Oral route – This book covers the entire syllabus of “Pharmacology” prescribed by BNMC- for diploma in nursing science & midwifery students. We tried to accommodate the latest information and topics. This book is an examination set up according to the teachers’ lectures and examination questions.
At the end of the book, previous questions are given. We hope in touch with the book students’ knowledge will be upgraded and flourish. The unique way of presentation may make your reading of the book a pleasurable experience.
Pharmacology Oral route
Definition of Oral Route of Drug Administration:
Oral administration is a route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth. Per os (P.O.) is sometimes used as an abbreviation for medication to be taken orally.
Advantages of Oral Route:
1. Oral route is cheap, safe and painless route.
2. Convenient route because drug can be given in the form of tablet or capsule which contain exact dose.
3. Self-medication is possible
4. Prolong action can be obtained by delaying absorption
5. Drugs need not sterile and highly purified.
6. Free from fear and anxiety for pricking needle &associated with pain.
7. This route has psychological effect on the patient that he has taken medicine. 8. It is easy and patient can take the drug without interrupting his activity.
9. Hypersensitivity reaction in many cases is less.
Disadvantages of Oral Route:
1. Onset of drug action is slow due to delayed absorption. So not suitable for emergency cases.
2. Irritant, unpleasant and hypertonic drugs cannot be administered.
3. This route may not be useful in presence of vomiting or diarrhea, niingonol (d 3
4. This route cannot be employed in an unconscious or non-co-operative patient.win
5. Drugs that are destroyed by digestive juice are not administered orally, e.g. insulin, heparin.
6. Drugs having high first pass metabolism are not given orally, e.g. Testosterone.
7. The absorption of certain drugs are irregular and negligible, e.g. Streptomycin, Neomycin.
(Ref by-Dr. Javed Yousuf’s/7/36)
Purposes of Oral Medications:
1. To provide a medication that has systematic or local effect on gastrointestinal tract.
2. To prevent the disease.
3. To cure the disease.
4. To promote the health.
5. To give palliative treatment.
6. To give as a systematic treatment.
Special Point to Remember During Oral Drug Administration:
1. The patients may not swallow drugs.
2. The patient may vomit it out just after taking in mouth, in this case the drug may be repeated.
3. Never give oral medication to unconscious patients. noiontal
4. Avoid giving drugs to patient who is constantly vomiting.
5. If an oral is to be given three times a day without any further specification, it is understood to give the drug after food.
6. Slow acting purgatives are given at bed time. Mild acting is given early in the morning.
7. In medicine cupboard, medicines for external use and internal use should be kept in separate shelves.
8. Poisonous drugs should be kept in a separate cupboard with label of ‘poison’ roll sit . Oils should be kept over a piece of cloth or paper to prevent soiling of cupboard.
9 10. Never administer any drug which shows change in colour, consistency and colour.
(Ref by- Dr. LC Gupta/3/154)
Sublingual (S.L) or Buccal
The tablet or pellet containing the drug is placed under the tongue or crushed in the mouth and spread over the buccal mucosa. Only lipid soluble and non-irritating drugs can be so administered. Absorption is relatively rapid-action can be produced in minutes. Though it is somewhat inconvenient, one can spit the drug after the desired effect has been obtained.
The chief advantage is that liver is bypassed and drugs with high first pass metabolism can be absorbed directly into systemic circulation. Drugs given sublingually are GTN, buprenorphine, desamino-oxytocin.
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