Suffix and Prefix | CHAPTER – 09 | Communicative English for Nurses

Suffix and Prefix – The course is designed to develop communication skills in English and computer and information technology (ICT) of the learners. Communicative English includes the basic grammatical structures of English and basic semantics, basic reading and listening techniques for constructing informal writings; reading selected English literature; listening to selected English media; use of expressions for easy communication in daily life such as exchanging information, greeting, shopping, application, past, present & future activities, liking & disliking etc; giving English oral presentations; and writing formal letters and essays.

Study and practice in reading and writing on related topics from nursing textbooks/journals/magazines & note taking, referencing; improvement of reading and writing abilities with emphasis on review of vocabularies, sentence structure, organization, development of oral presentation; developing writing skills Business letters, application & CV; report writing, editing, proof reading, translation and professional writings-meeting minutes; improvement of speaking and listening abilities with establishing communication and making arguments.

Computer and information technology is designed for understanding of using computer and information technology; it applications in nursing field; application programs for Microsoft Word processing, Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations, Networking and Communication through internet and World Wide Web applications.

Suffix and Prefix

Suffix and Prefix: ইংরেজিতে আট প্রকার Part of speech এর মধ্যে noun, adjective, verbe adverb এই চারটিকে key word বা base word বলে এবং pronoun, preposition, conjunction ও interjection এই চারটিকে subsidiary word বলে। Subsidiary word-গুলো পরিবর্তনযোগ্য নয়, কিন্তু key word বা base word- গুলো অর্থাৎ noun, adjective, verb ও adverb কে একপদ থেকে অন্যপদে রূপান্তর করা যায়। রূপান্তরের এ পদ্ধতিকে বলা হয় Affix। Affix শব্দের মূল অর্থ হল সংযোগ করা বা জুড়ে দেয়া। Affix-কে দু’টি শ্রেণীতে ভাগ করা যায়। যেমন: 1. Suffix (প্রত্যয়) 2. Prefix (উপসর্গ)।

ইংরেজি ভাষায় যে সমস্ত Suffix ও Prefix বেশি ব্যবহৃত হয় তার মধ্যে able, ible, al, ance, be, dis, ee, en, er, ful, by, iam, ic, il, in, im, ir, ing, ish, less, ly, ment, ness, ous, pre, s/es, ship, sion, tion, ion, un এবং y/ye উল্লেখযোগ্য ।

Prefix (উপসর্গ)

মূল শব্দের শুরুতে যে বর্ণ বা বর্ণসমষ্টি যোগ করা হয় তাকে Prefix বলে। Prefix যোগে নতুন শব্দ গঠনের কিছু উল্লেখযোগ্য নিয়ম উদাহরণসহ নিম্নে দেখানো হলো।

1. Prefix- এর মাধ্যমে গঠিত শব্দ প্রায়ই মূলশব্দের বিপরীত অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। নিচে কিছু নমুনা দেখানো হলোঃ

2. Noun বা adjective- এর সাথে be যোগ করে verb গঠন করা যায়।

3. Verb- এর সাথে dis যোগ করে বিপরীত শব্দ গঠন করা যায়

4. Noun অথবা Adjective এর সাথে en যোগ করে verb গঠন যায়

5. Adjective এর সাথে il/im/in/ir (=not) যোগ করে opposite adjective গঠন করা যায়।

6. Noun অথবা Adjective এর সাথে un যোগ করে antonyms (বিপরীতার্থক শব্দ) গঠন করা যায়।

SUFFIX (প্রত্যয়)

মূল শব্দের শেষে যে বর্ণ বা বর্ণসমষ্টি যোগ করা হয় তাকে Suff বলে। Suffix যোগে নতুন শব্দ গঠনের কিছু উল্লেখযোগ্য উদাহরণসহ নিম্নে দেখানো হল।

1. অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রে suffix যোগ হয়ে মূল শব্দের অর্থের পরিয়ে না হয়ে পদের পরিবর্তন ঘটে।

2. Noun- এর সাথে able/ible যোগ করে adjective গঠন কর যায়।

3. Verb-এর সাথে able যোগ করে adjective গঠন করা যায়।

4. Noun-এর সাথে al যোগ করে adjective গঠন করা যায়।

5. Verb- এর সাথে al যোগ করে noun গঠন করা যায়।

6. Verb-এর সাথে ee যোগ করে noun গঠন করা যায়।

7. Verb- এর সাথে er অথবা যোগ করে noun গঠন করা যায়।

8. Adjective এর সাথে er যোগ করে comparative form এর adjective গঠন করা যায়।

9. Adjective এর শেষে th যোগ করে noun গঠন করা হয়।

10. Word এর শেষে hood/dom যোগ করে noun গঠন করা হয়

11. Verb এর শেষে ume থাকলে ption যোগ করে noun গঠন করা হয়।

12. Noun এর শেষে full যোগ করে Adjective গঠন করা হয়।

13. কিছু সংখ্যক noun- এর সাথে ian যোগ করে adjective গঠন করা যায়।

14. Noun এর সাথে ic যোগ করে adjective গঠন করা যায়।

15. Verb- এর সাথে ing যোগ করে noun অথবা presen participle গঠন করা যায়।

16. Noun- এর সাথে less যোগ করে opposite adjective গঠন করা যায।

17. প্রায়ই adjective- এর সাথে ly যোগ করে adverb গঠন করা যায়।

18. কিছু সংখ্যক Verb-এর সাথে ment যোগ করে noun গঠন করা যায়।

19. কিছু সংখ্যক adjective এর সাথে ness যোগ করে noun গঠন করা যায়।

20. কিছু সংখ্যক noun এর সাথে ous যোগ করে adjective গঠন করা যায়।

21. Singular countable noun এর সাথে s বা es যোগ করে plural noun গঠন করা যায়।

22. Finite verb এর সাথে s বা es যোগ করে singular verb গঠন করা যায। শুধুমাত্র Third person singular form এর সাথে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

23. Noun এর সাথে ship যোগ করে পুনরায় noun গঠন করা যায়।

24. Verb এর সাথে ion/tion/sion যোগ করে noun গঠন করা যায়।

25. Word- এর শেষে en suffix যোগ করে verb গঠন করা যায়।

26. ‘ise’ suffix যোগ করে verb তৈরি করা হয়।

27. Noun এর সাথে y/ey যোগ করে adjective গঠন করা যায়।

More about Suffix & Prefix

Exercise on suffix & prefix

01. Flowers are the symbol of love and (a)_______(pure). They are (b)_______ (know) for their beauty and fragrance. Some flowers are (c)_______ (note) for their fragrance and some are for their beauty. But the rose is favourite to us for its colour and beauty. Its mother place is the city of Paris. The (d)_______ (Japan) are exceptionally famous for its (e)_______ (cultivate). At present most of the countries grow rose in plenty. It (f)_______ (general) grows from June to November. Its scent makes us (g) _______(cheer). It makes people lively, lovely, (h) _______(affection) and so on. By (i)_______ (grow) roses in plenty, we can export them and solve our (j)_______(employ) problem

02. Early rising is is the habit of (a)_______ (get) up from bed early in the morning. An early (b)_______ (rise) can enjoy the (c) _______(fresh) of the morning air. He can hear the (d) _______(melody) songs of the birds. Again, he can start his day’s work (e)_______ (early) than others. An early riser does not suffer from (f)_______ (physic) problems very often. So, he need not go to any (g) _______ (physic) (h) _______(frequent). Thus, an early riser, enjoys (i)_______(vary) benefits and leads a (j)_______ (peace) life.

03. Life without leisure and (a)_______ (relax) is dull. Life becomes (b)_______ (charm) if one does not have any time to enjoy the (c) _______(beauty) objects of nature. (d) _______ (monotony) work hinders the (e) _______ (smooth) of work. Leisure (f)_______ (rich) our spirit to work. Everybody knows that (g) _______ (work) is (h)_______(harm). Leisure does not mean (i)_______ (idle). It gives freshness to (j)_______ (create) our energy.

04. You should bear in mind that (a)_______ (confidence) assists a man to reach the goal of life. The lack of (b) _______ (determine) leads one to lose the confidence. You need it in order to (c)_______ (come) the problems of life. Fix a target and then try (d)_______ (sincere) to gain success. Don’t lose heart if you fail. Remember that (e) _______ (fail) is the pillar of success. Whereas, success without (f)_______ (compete) is not enjoyable. Determination keeps you (g)_______ (mental) strong and make (h) _______(prepare) for struggling to reach the goal. Nobody can be (i)_______ (success) in his mission. Failure makes him more (j)_______ (determine) to work hard.

05.  Trees are (a)_______ (use) to man in many ways. They are are companion in our day to day life. It is (b) _______ (possible) to build our homes, furniture etc. without trees. Trees save us from flood and (c)_______ (nature) calamities. It (d)_______(strength) the soil. If we cut trees (e)_______ (discriminately) there will be ecological (f)_______ (balanced). So tree (g) _______(plant) programme should be extended for a better, (h)_______ (happy), (i)_______(healthy) life and (j)_______ (peace) environment.

06. (a) _______kind is a divine virtue. So we should not be (b) _______kind to the people in distress and even to (c) _______low animals. Some naughty boys (d) _______joy beating the lower animals like dogs and cats. This is an (e)_______ rational behaviour. Animals are dumb (f)_______ create. They are (g)_______ harm beings. Some animals are very (h)_______ faith and they feel no (i) _______hesitate to risk their lives for our (j) _______protect.

07. Food (a) _______ adulterate is a crime. Adulterated food is (b) _______ poison and causes (c) _______curable diseases. Some (d) _______ greed businessmen are responsible for this (e) _______att wicked. The steps so far taken by the government against those (f) _______honest businessmen (g) _______real deserve praise. (h) _______present, the fraudulent businessmen are much alarmed. (i) _______ Hopeful, we will be able to shun this (j) _______practice very soon.

08. Zahir Raihan was one of the most (a) _______ filmmakers in Bangladesh. He was an (b) _______ (talent) (act) worker of the Language Movement. He was also present at the (c) _______ (history) meeting at Amtala on February 21, 1952. All through his life, Zahir dreamt for a (d) _______ (democrat) society, a society that will (e) _______ (sure) freedom of speech and will. He made a (f) _______ (legend) film Jibon Theke Neya based on the Language (g) _______ (Move) of 1952. He could see the (h) _______ (incept) of a free and (i) _______ (dependent) Bangladesh And it’s a pity that this (j) _______ (dream) was missing at such a time when his dream came true.

09. Load-shedding is one of the most common problems of Bangladesh. Lives of our citizens are (a) _______(serious) hampered for load-shedding. Students feel (b) _______ (difficult) in reading during load-shedding. (c) _______(Industry) activities are also hampered. We should use electricity (d) _______ (honest) and (e) _______ (frugal) and should create (f) _______(aware) among people to solve this (g) _______ (nation) problem. Besides, government should take (h) _______ (effect) steps to (i) _______(grade) our power stations to mitigate the (j) _______ (advantages) of our people.

10. Those who live a (a) _______(luxury) life are always (b) _______(different) to the miseries of the poor. They enjoy life in (c) _______(amuse) and (d) _______(merry). They are (e) _______(centered) people. They have little (f) _______(realize) of the (g) _______ (bounded) sufferings of the poor. They remain indifferent to their (h) _______ (suffer). They feel (i) _______ (comfort) to work for their (j) _______(better).

Answer

01. (a) purity (b) known (c) noted (d) Japaneese (e) cultivation (f) generally (g) cheerful (h) affectionate (i) growing (j) unemployment

02. (a) getting (b) riser (c) freshness (d) melodious (e) earlier (f) physical 1 (g) physician (h) fre frequently (i) various (j) peaceful

03. (a) relaxation (b) charmless (c) beautiful (d) Monotonous (e) smoothness (f) enriches (g) overwork (h) harmful (i) idleness (j) recreate

04. (a) self-confidence (b) determination (c) overcome (d) sincerely (e) failure (f) competition (g) mentally (h) prepared (i) successful (j) determined

05. (a) useful (b) impossible (c) natural (d) strengthens (e) indiscriminately (f) imbalanced (g) plantation (h) happier (i) healthier (j) peaceful

06. (a) Kindness (b) unkind (c) lower (d) enjoy (e) irrational (f) creature (g) harmless (h) faithful (i) hesitation (j) protection

07. (a) adulteration (b) poisonous (c) incurable (d) greedy (e) wickedness (f) dishonest (g) really (h) Presently (i) Hopefully (j) malpractice

08. (a) talented (b) active (c) historical (d) democratic (e) ensure (f) legendary (g) Movement (h) inception (i) independ independent (j) dreameru

09. (a) seriously (b) difficulty (c) Industrial (d) honestly (e) frugally (f) awareness (g) national (h) effective (i) upgrade (j) disadvantages

10. (a) luxurious (b) indifferent (c) amusement (d) merriment (e) self-centered (f) realization (g) unbounded (h) sufferings (i) discomfort (j), Do betterment

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• Communicative English for Nurses | Diploma in Nursing Science and Midwifery