Unemployment problem – Behavioral sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioral interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling.
It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society.
Unemployment problem
Meaning of Unemployment Problem.
Unemployment refers to people who want to work and are actively seeking a job, but are not currently employed. There will also be some unemployment as people quit their current positions and seek new ones, and as some companies reduce their work force while others are expanding.
The effects of unemployment are personal and national personal when savings are depleted while looking for a position and national when the total spending level in the economy is impacted by high or low unemployment.
Unemployment problem is acute in Bangladesh because of the lack of job opportunity. For about three decades political instability, traditional educational system, lack of vocational training and
technical education, illiteracy, agro-based economy, industrial backwardness, closure of industries, economic stagnancy in investment sectors and large scale of corruption are responsible for unemployment problem. After liberation, no special care was given to the industrial sector.
As a result, the employment opportunities are not created. Due to political unrest foreign investors feel repulsion to invest in Bangladesh. NGO programmes are insignificant. As a result, unemployment problem is mounting up day by day.
Definition of Unemployment
According to C.B Mamoria
“Unemployment is a state of workless-ness for a man fit and willing to work that is, it is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness”
According to D, Mello
Unemployment is defined as “A condition in which an individual is not in a state of remunerative occupation despite his desire do so
Types of Unemployment
- Classical unemployment
- Cyclical unemployment
- Marxian theory of unemployment
- Full employment
- Structural unemployment
- Frictional unemployment
- Hidden unemployment
- Long-term unemployment
Causes of Unemployment
GR. Madan speaks of two main types of causes of unemployment:
1. Individual or personal factors, and
2. External factors” or “technological and economic factors
A. Individual or Personal Factors of Unemployment
Age Factor:
- Age factor fixes limitations on the range of choice of job opportunities.
- Too young and too old people are not eligible for many of the jobs.
Vocational Unfitness:
- Many of our young people do not have a proper understanding of their own aptitudes, abilities and interests on the one hand, and the tasks or jobs or career they want to pursue, on the other.
Illness and/or Physical Disabilities or Incapabilities:
- Due to the inborn or acquired disabilities or deficiencies some remain as partially employed or totally unemployed throughout their life.
- Illness induced by industrial conditions and the fatal accidents that often take place during the work may render a few other people as unemployed.
B. External Factors or Technological and Economic Factors
Enormous Increase in Population:
- The population in Bangladesh is growing at an alarming rate. More than this, every year about millions of people become eligible for securing jobs.
Trade Cycle:
- Business field is subject to ups and downs due to the operation of trade cycle.
- Economic depression which we witness in trade cycle may induce some problematic or sick industries to be closed down compelling their employees to become unemployed.
Technological Advance – Mechanization – Automation:
- Technological advancement undoubtedly contributes to economic development.
- But unplanned and uncontrolled growth of technology may have an adverse effect on job opportunities.
Strikes and Lockouts:
- Strikes and lockouts had been an inseparable aspect of the Indian industrial field.
- Due to strikes and lockouts production used to come down and industries were incurring heavy losses.
- Workers used to become unemployed for a temporary period and some were being thrown out of job.
Slow Rate of Economic Growth
Backwardness of Indian Agriculture
Other Causes of Unemployment:
- Unpreparedness to Accept Socially Degrading Jobs
- Defects in our Educational System
- Geographic Immobility of the Workers
- Improper Use of Human Resources
- Lack of Encouragement for Self-Employment
- End of cottage industries
- Slow speed of industrial development
- Inadequate rural development
- Inadequate employment planning
- Lack of training
- Lack of ability to work
- Corruption
Preventive Measures of Unemployment/ Remedial Measures to Solve Unemployment Problem/Suggestion to Reduce Unemployment
1. The personal disabilities include illness, physical handicaps, old age and inexperience. The methods suggested to overcome these disabilities are socialized health services, adequate wage provisions to maintain health, vocational rehabilitation, vocational education and educational planning, workmen’s compensation and other social security schemes and new vocational opportunities.
2. Planned development by accelerating industrialization, removing the deficiency of demand,
stabilizing the rate of domestic investment and consumer demand can fight the problem of unemployment.
3. Creating more employment opportunities in the rural areas through intensive farming, greater
irrigation facilities, extension of community projects, and organization of co-operative farming, development of village industry and settlement of agricultural laborers on the reclaimed land.
4. Emphasis should also be laid on the development of small-scale and cottage industries to relieve the pressure on land. These not only help in creating employment opportunities but also check the rate of migration from rural to urban areas.
5. To eliminate seasonal unemployment, the manufacturers can take up the production of some other commodities in the slack season.
6. Providing temporary work for those who have lost employment. The surplus labor power can be utilized for various public works programs, affor-estation and expansion of cottage industries and so on.
7. The present education system needs a thorough overall check to meet the chang-ing pattern of demand not only through re-orientation but also by diversifying the courses in the field of commerce, trade, banking, insurance, technical and managerial personnel so that the adjustments of demand and labour in various occupations become easy.
8. Development of small-scale and village industries can increase the rate of employment. For this, the government should guide the small-scale industries in financing and marketing.
9. Self-employment schemes for the unemployed youth have to be launched to enable them to start their own business or small-scale firm, which can also generate employ-ment for many others.
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