Voice Change – The course is designed to develop communication skills in English and computer and information technology (ICT) of the learners. Communicative English includes the basic grammatical structures of English and basic semantics, basic reading and listening techniques for constructing informal writings; reading selected English literature; listening to selected English media; use of expressions for easy communication in daily life such as exchanging information, greeting, shopping, application, past, present & future activities, liking & disliking etc; giving English oral presentations; and writing formal letters and essays.
Study and practice in reading and writing on related topics from nursing textbooks/journals/magazines & note taking, referencing; improvement of reading and writing abilities with emphasis on review of vocabularies, sentence structure, organization, development of oral presentation; developing writing skills Business letters, application & CV; report writing, editing, proof reading, translation and professional writings-meeting minutes; improvement of speaking and listening abilities with establishing communication and making arguments.
Computer and information technology is designed for understanding of using computer and information technology; it applications in nursing field; application programs for Microsoft Word processing, Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets, Power Point Presentations, Networking and Communication through internet and World Wide Web applications.
Voice Change
Active and Passive Voice (Vice Versa)
Active Voice-কে Passive Voice এ পরিণত করার সাধারণ নিয়মাবলী:
- বাক্যের অর্থ অনুযায়ী রূপ নির্ধারণ করতে হবে। অর্থাৎ বাক্যটি Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Affirmative Negative চা নিতি করতে হবে।
- মূল ক্রিয়াকে কী যা কাকে বা কাদেরকে দ্বার প্রশ্ন করে object বা কর্ম নির্ধারণ করতে হবে
- বাকো দুই রকম object থাকতে পারে। অর্থাৎ মূল ক্রিয়াকে কী দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যাবে তা Direct Object (মুখা কর্ম) এবং কাকে দ্বারা প্রশ্ন করলে যে উত্তর পাওয়া যাবে তা Indirect Object (গৌণ কর্ম)
- একই বাক্যে দুটি object থাকলে অধিকাংশ ক্ষেত্রেই Indirect Object-কেই Passive form & subject হিসেবে নিতে হয়। তবে কোনো কোনো ক্ষেত্রে Indirect Object এর পূর্বে Preposition থাকলে Direct Object-কে Passive Voice subject হিসেবে নিতে হবে।
- Tense অনুযয়ী Passive Auxiliary নিতে হবে।
- মূল ডিয়ার Past Participle form হবে এবং সংশ্লিষ্ট Preposition Group Verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হলে তা
- সাথেই বসবে। Active Voice- subject, Passive Voice এ object-এ পরিণত করে তার পূর্বে by বলাতে হবে এবং Passive Voice-at object, Active Voice এ subject-এ পরিণত হবে।
Active Voice এর Subjective Case Passive Voice-এর Objective Case- এ পরিবর্তন করার তালিকা:
| Subject | Object |
| I We You He She They It Noun (যেমন- Nadim, Sadia) | me us you him her them it Noun [ Nadim (him), Sadia (her)] |
Tense মোতাবেক Passive Auxiliary-এর একটি তালিকাঃ
| Tense | Active Auxiliary | Passive Auxiliary |
| 1. Present Indefinite | do/does | am/is/are |
| 2. Present Continuous | am/is/are | am being / is being / are being |
| 3. Present Perfect bluoda uoY | have/has | have been / has been |
| 4. Past Indefinite | did | was/were |
| 5. Past Continuous | was/were | was being / were being |
| 6. Past Perfect | had | had been |
| 7. Future Indefinite | shall/will | shall be / will be |
| 8. Future Continuousl | shall be / will be slov svtzas | shall be being / will be being |
| 9. Future Perfect | shall have / will have | shall have been / will have been |
| 10. Modal Auxiliary ও others Verbs | can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought to, will, would, must, going to, need, dare, let etc. | এগুলোর পর Indefinite- এ ‘be’ Continuous- এ ‘being’ এবং perfect-এ ‘been’ ব্যবহৃত হবে। |
Note: Perfect Continuous Tense- গুলোর Passive গঠন করা গেলেও এরূপ Passive Voice এর Sentence- এর ব্যবহার নেই। তাই Auxiliary Verb- এর তালিকায় সেগুলো দেখানো হয়নি।
Statement / Assertive Sentence
| Active | Passive | Examples |
| Indefinite Tense / Present Indefinite Tense / Past Indefinite Tense / Future Indefinite Tense | Auxiliary Verb স্থানে Tense ও Subject ভিত্তিক পরবর্তী Continuous tense এর auxiliary verb ব্যবহৃত হয়। অর্থাৎ Present Indefinite- এ am/is/ are, Past Indefinite- এ was / were এবং Future Indefinite- এ shall be / will be ব্যবহৃত হবে। | Act: I love my mother. (Pres. Ind.) Pas: My mother is loved by me. Act: He wrote a letter. (Past Ind.) Pas: A letter was written by him. |
| Continuous Tense / Present Continuous / Past Continuous ও Future Continuous | Auxiliary Verb স্থানে Tense ও Subject ভিত্তিক নিজস্ব Auxiliary Verb এরপর অতিরিক্ত ‘being’ বসাতে হয়। | Act: I am playing football. (Pre. Cont) Pas: Football is being played by me. Act: Nasima was cooking rice. (Past cont) Pas: Rice was being cooked by Nasima |
| Perfect Tense / Present Perfect Tense/Past Perfect Tense / Future Perfect Tense | Auxiliary Verb স্থানে Tense ও Subject ভিত্তিক নিজস্ব Auxiliary Verb এরপর অতিরিক্ত ‘been’ বসাতে হয়। | Act: We have solved the problem. (Pres. Perf) Pas: The problem has been solved by us. Act: She will have sung a sweet song. (Future Perfect Tense) Pas: A sweet song will have been sung by her. |
| Modal Auxiliary (Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, need, dare etc. | Auxiliary verb স্থানে এগুলোর সাথে। অতিরিক্ত Indefinite-এ be, continuous- এ being এবং perfect এ been ব্যবহৃত হয়। | Act: I can do the sum. (Indefinite) Pas: The sum can be done by me. Act: You should be reading your lesson. (Continuous) Pas: Your lesson should be being read by you. Act: You should have done the work. Pas: The work should have been done by you. |
| Am to/is to/are to /was to/has to/ have to / had to/ going to + মূল verb যুক্ত বাক্য | Am to/is to/ are to/ was to/has to have to/had to / going to এর পরে be + verb-এর Past participle যোগে Passive voice- এর verb গঠিত হয়। | Act: I am to do it. Pas: It is to be done by me. Act: He has to dig the canal. Pas: The canal has to be dug by him. |
Question / Interrogative Sentence
| Active | Passive | Examples |
| Auxiliary/Modal Verb দ্বারা শুরু: (Do, Does, did, aim, is, are, was, were, shall, will, have, has, had, should, would, could, ought to etc) | Tense, Subject auxiliary verb ব্যবহারের নিয়মানুসারে Auxiliary+ object + present verb এর Past participle form + by, বা উপযুক্ত preposition + subject এর object form +? (দুই বা তিন শব্দ বিশিষ্ট Auxiliary verb- এর শুধুমাত্র মূল form টি subject এর পূর্বে এবং বাকি অংশ subject এর পরে বসে।) | Act Does he read the book? Pas: Is the book read by him? Act: Have you done your work? Pas: Has your work been done by you? Act: Will they have finished their work? Pas: Will their work have been finished by them? |
| Wh-words (when, why, how, where, what, which) দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু | Wh-word-টি passive voice এ সম্পূর্ণ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং তারপর auxiliary verb দিয়ে শুরু Interrogative বাক্যের ন্যায় Active Voice থেকে passive voice- এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়। | Act: When do you watch television? Pas: When is television watched by you? Act: How has he done the work? Pas: How has the work been done by him? |
| What যখন Subject | What এর পূর্বে by ব্যবহৃত হয় | Act: What makes you laugh? Pas: By what are you made to laugh? |
| Whom যুক্ত বাক্য | Whom- এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে who বসে + Tense voice এর নিয়মানুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে + মূল verb এর past participal বসে+ by বসে + subject এর objective form বসে + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসে। | Act: Whom is she teaching English? Pas: Who is being taught English by her? Act: Whom does he look for? Pas: Who is looked for by him? |
| Who subject ও object রূপে ব্যবহৃত হলে | Who যদি subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে passive voice এ who পরিবর্তিত হয়ে by whom হয়। কিন্তু who যদি object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে passive voice এ who এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। এরপর Interrogative sentence কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের সাধারণ নিয়মাবলী অনুসরণ করতে হয় | Act: Who opened the door? (Who এখানে subject) Pas: By whom was the door opened? Act: Who has he called? (Who এখানে object) Pas: Who has been called by him? |
Imperative Sentence
| Active | Passive | Examples |
| Principal verb/ don’t বা do not e Never যুক্ত বাক্য | Principal verb দ্বারা শুরু এর ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে Let object অংশ + be + Principal participle. verb এর Past [Don’t/ Do not দ্বারা শুরু হলে Let এর পর not, Never এর ক্ষেত্রে Let এর পর not never (Subject noun হলে পূর্বে not এবং pronoun হলে পরে not) বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। উল্লেখ্য যে, Never এর ক্ষেত্রে not ever এর পরিবর্তে never- ও রাখা যায়)। | Act: Pen through the lines. Pas: Let the lines be penned through. Act: Don’t/Do not waste your time. Pas: Let not your time be wasted. Act: Don’t call him. Pas: Let him not be called. Act Never mock at the poor. Pas: Let not the poor ever be mocked. Or, Let the poor never be mocked at.adw |
| Let যুক্ত বাক্য | Let + Principal verb পরবর্তী object (Direct object) + be + Principal verb এর Past Participle + by + let পরবর্তী object টি (Indirect object) | Act: Let the boy do the work. Pas: Let the work be done by the boy. Act: Let us help the poor. Pas: Let the poor he helped by us. |
| প্রথমে Please / Kindly ব্যবহৃত হলে | Sentence- এর প্রথমে You are requested to ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং Please / kindly এর পরবর্তী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রূপে বসে। | Act: Please post the letter. Pas: You are requested to post the letter. Act: Kindly don’t smoke. Pas: You are requested not to smoke. Act: Please, let him go. Pas: You are requested to let him go. |
| মূল verb এর পরে যথাক্রমে indirect (ব্যক্তিবাচক) ও direct object (বস্তুবাচক) থাকলে | Let direct object + be + Principal verb এর Past participle + for + Indirect object OVI | Act: Make her a dress. Pas: Let a dress be made for her. Act Pluck me a flower. Pas: Let a flower be plucked for me. |
| Going to যুক্ত বাক্য | Principle verb পরবর্তী object অংশ + Auxiliary verb + going to + be principal verb এর Past participle + by + subject এর object form | Act: He is going to open a bank account. Pas: A bank account is going to be opened by him. |
| Subject ও দু’টি object যুক্তি sentence | যে কোনো একটি object-কে subject হিসেবে গ্রহণ করে active voice থেকে passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করা যায়। তবে ব্যক্তিবাচক object টি subject করাই শ্রেয়। | Act: He told me the decision. Pas: The decision was told to me by him. Or, I was told the decision by him. Act Mr. Resan teaches us English. Pas: English is taught (to) us by Mr. Resan. Or, We are taught English by Mr. Resan. |
| Subject ও দুটি object এর মধ্যে একটির পূর্বে preposition যুক্ত বাক্য। | যে object- এর পূর্বে preposition রয়েছে সেটি ব্যতিরেকে অন্যটি Subject হিসেবে নিতে হয়। | Act: I will pay you for the papers. Pas You will be paid for the papers by me. Act: She bought for me many things. Pas: Many things were bought for me by her. |
| বাক্যে object না থাকলে | It কে subject হিসেবে গণ্য করতে হয়। | Act: They say. Pas: It is said. Act: People said. Pas: It was said. |
| Complex a Compound sentence | দুই অংশেরই passive করতে হয়। এক্ষেত্রে Complex sentence এর Principal Clause এ object না থাকলে Introductory হিসেবে subject ‘It’ নিতে হয়। As ove | Act: I know that he did the work. Pas: It is known to me that the work was done by me. Act: He broke his house and made a new one. Pas His house was broken and a dat new one was made by him. |
| Reflexive Pronoun /object যেমন myself, himself, ourselves, itself, themselves, yourselves যুক্ত বাক্য | Subject বা Object এর ক্ষেত্রে কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। শুধুমাত্র tense মোতাবেক verb-এর পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং reflexive object- এর পূর্বে by বসে। | Act: The old man hurt himself. Pas: The old man was hurt by himself. Act: She fans herself. Pas: She is fanned by herself |
| Cognate object (object ও verb একই প্রকৃতির) যুক্ত Intransitive verb- এর ক্ষেত্রে | Cognate object-টি passive voice এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। | Act: He ran a race. Pas: A race was run by him. Act :He dreamt a dream. Pas: A dream was dreamt by him. |
| Factitive object/ Complementary object যুক্ত বাক্য | Factitive object টি object হিসেবেই থেকে যায়। বাকি object টিন subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। | Act: People elected him chairman. Pas: He was elected chairman by the people. Act: The teacher called the boy a fool. Pas: The boy was called a fool by |
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