Abbreviation and Converting from One Number System to Another – This book covers the entire syllabus of “Computer & Information Technology” prescribed by the BNMC for B.Sc. in Nursing Science & Diploma in Nursing Science & Midwifery students. We tried to accommodate the latest information and topics.

This book is an examination setup according to the teachers’ lectures and examination questions. We hope in touch with the book students’ knowledge will be upgraded and flourished. The unique way of presentation may make your reading of the book a pleasurable experience.

Abbreviation and Converting from One Number System to Another

PC-Personal Computer
COMPUTER-Commonly Operating Machine Particularly Used For Technology Entertainment And Research
ACL-Access Control List
ADC-Analog-to-Digital Converter
ADF-Automatic Document Feeder
ADSL-Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP-Accelerated Graphics Port
AIFF Audio Interchange File Format
AIX – Advanced Interactive Executive
ALU-Arithmetic Logic Unit
ANSI-American National Standards Institute
API – Application Program Interface
APU-Accelerated Processing Unit
ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASP-Active Server Page or Application Service Provider
ATA-Advar ced Technology Attachment
ATM – Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATX-Advanced Technology eXtended
AUP-Acceptable Use Policy
Bash-Bourne-Again Shell
BASIC – Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Inston Code
Bee – Blind Carbon Copy
BIOS – Basic Input/Output System
Blob-Binary Large Object
BMP – Bitmap
BSOD-Blue Screen of Death
CGI-Common Gateway Interface
CCD-Charged Coupled Device
CD – Compact Disc
CD-R-Compact Disc Recordable
CDFS-Compact Disc File System
CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
CDN- Content Delivery Network
CISC-Complex Instruction Set Computing
CLOB – Character Large Object
CPU Central Processing Unit
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM= Read Only Memory
PROM = Programmable Read Only Memory
EPROM-Erasable PROM
EEPROM = Electrically EPROM
HDD Hard Disk Drive
CD-ROM-Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
CD-RW Compact Disc Re-writable
FDD = Floppy Disk Drive
KBD = Key Board
I/O = Input & Output.
CAD-Computer-Aided Design
Ce-Carbon Copy
CD = Compact Disk
DVD = Digital Video Disk
SMPS = Switch Mode Power Supply
POST = Power ON Self-Test
CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CMS – Content Management System
BIOS = Basic Input Output System
VDU Visible Display Unit
LED Light Embedded Diode
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
USB Universal Serial Bus
VGA = Video/Visual Graphic Adapter
LAN Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
MAN = Metropolitan Area Network
HLL = High Level Language
LLL= Low Level Language
MIPS Million of Instruction Per Second
Mbps Mega Bytes Per second
Kbps = Kilo Bytes per second
HTTP = Hyper Text Templates
WWW = World Wide Web
IP = Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider

Computer Related Abbreviations

A

Al-Artificial intelligence
ALGOL- Algorithmic Language
ARP Address resolution Protocol
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange

B

BINAC – Binary Automatic Computer
BCC-Blind Carbon Copy
Bin – Binary
BASIC- Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
BIOS-Basic Input Output System
Bit – Binary Digit
BSNL-Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

C

CC-Carbon Copy
CAD-Computer Aided Design
COBOL-Common Business Oriented Language
CD-Compact Disc
CRT-Cathode Ray Tube
CPU Central Processing Unit
CDR-Compact Disc Recordable
CDROM-Compact Disc Read Only Memory
CDRW-Compact Disc Rewritable
CDR/W-Compact Disk Read/Write

D

DBA-Data Base Administrator
DBMS – Data Base Management System
DNS-Domain Name System
DPI-Dots Per Inch
DRAM-Dynamic Random Access Memory
DVD-Digital Video Disc/Digital Versatile Disc
DVDR-DVD Recordable
DVDROM – DVD Read Only Memory
DVDRW-DVD Rewritable
DVR-Digital Video Recorder
DOS-Disk Operating System

E

EBCDIC-Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
e-Commerce – Electronic Commerce
EDP-Electronic Data Processing
EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
ELM/e-Mail-Electronic Mail
ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
EOF-End Of File
EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

F

FAX-Far Away Xerox/ facsimile
FDC-Floppy Disk Controller
FDD-Floppy Disk Drive
FORTRAN-Formula Translation
FS-File System
FTP-File Transfer Protocol

G

Gb-Gigabit
GB – Gigabyte
GIF-Graphics Interchange Format
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

H

HDD-Hard Disk Drive
HP-Hewlett Packard
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
HTTP – Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

I

IBM International Business Machine
IM-Instant Message
IMAP – Internet Message Access Protocol
ISP-Internet Service Provider

J

JPEG-Joint Photographic Experts Group

K

Kb – Kilobit
KB-Kilobyte
KHz-Kilohertz
Kbps – Kilobit Per Second

L

LCD-Liquid Crystal Display
LED-Light Emitting Diode
LPI-Lines Per Inch
LIS-Large Scale Integration

M

Mb – Megabit
MB – Megabyte
MPEG-Moving Picture Experts Group
MMS-Multimedia Message Service
MICR-Magnetic Ink Character reader
MIPS-Million Instructions Per Second

N

NIC-Network Interface Card
NOS-Network Operating System

O

OMR – Optical Mark Reader
OOP-Object Oriented Programming
OSS-Open Source Software

P

PAN-Personal Area Network
PC-Personal Computer
PDA – Personal Digital Assistant
PDF-Portable Document Format
POS-Point Of Sale
PNG- Portable Network Graphics
PPM-Pages Per Minute
PPP-Point-to-Point Protocol
PROM-Programmable Read Only Memory
PSTN-Public Switched Telephone Network
POST-Power On Self-Test
PING-Packet Internet Gopher

R

RAM-Random Access Memory
RDBMS – Relational Data Base Management System
RIP-Routing Information Protocol
RTF-Rich Text Format

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S

SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SQL-Structured Query Language
SRAM – Static Random Access Memory
SNMP-Simple Network Management Protocol
SIM-Subscriber Identification Module

T

TCP-Transmission Control Protocol
TB – Tera Bytes

U

UPS – Uninterrupted Power Supply
URI-Uniform Resource Identifier
URL-Uniform Resource Locator
USB Universal Serial Bus
ULSI-Ultra Large Scale Integration
UNIVAC-Universal Automatic Computer

V

VAR – Variable
VGA – Video Graphics Array
VSNL-Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited
VDU-Visual Display Unit

W

Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WLAN-Wireless Local Area Network
WPA-Wi-Fi Protected Access
WWW-World Wide Web
WORM-Write Once Read Many

X

XHTML-eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
XML eXtensible Markup language

Z

ZB-Zeta Byte

Below are Computer Units to measure data size

4 Bits 1 Nibble
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes 1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1024 KB 1 Mega Byte (MB)
1024 MB = 1 Gyga Byte (GB)
1024 GB 1 Tera Byte (TB)
1024 TB=1 Peta Byte (PB)
1024 PB = 1 Exa Byte (EB)
1024 EB = 1 Zetta Byte (ZB)
1024 ZB = 1 Yotta Byte (YB)

Converting from One Number System to Another.

Number System:

Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the computer system architecture, every value that you are saving or getting into/from computer memory has a defined number system.

The value of each digit in a number can be determined using

The digit
The position of the digit in the number
The base of the number system (where the base is defined as the total number of digits available in the number system)

Classification of Number System:

Computer architecture supports following number systems.

1. Binary number system

2. Octal number system

3. Decimal number system

4. Hexadecimal (hex) number system

1. Binary Number System: A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1. Every number (value) represents with 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of binary number system is 2, because it has only two digits.

2. Octal number system: Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of octal number system is 8, because it has only 8 digits.

3. Decimal number system: Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of decimal number system is 10, because it has only 10 digits.

4. Hexadecimal number system: A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F. Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F in this number system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16 alphanumeric values. Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.

Table of the Numbers Systems with Base, Used Digits, Representation, C language representation:

Number system	Base	Used digits	Example	CLanguage assignment
Binary	2	0,1	(11110000)	int val=0b11110000;
Octal	8	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7	(360)8	int val-0360;
Decimal	10	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9	(240)10	int val-240;
Hexadecimal	16	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F	(FO)16	int val=0xF0;

CONVERTING OCTAL TO BINARY

Below are the steps which will help you to understand how to convert octal to binary number –

Step 1: Consider the given octal number
Step 2: Let the given number have n number of digits
Step 3: Multiply each digit of the number with 8 ^ (n – 1) when the digit is in the nth position from the right end of the number. If the number has decimal part the multiply each digit in the decimal part by 1/(8 ^ m) when the digit is in the mthi position from the decimal point.
Step 4: Add all terms after multiplication
Step 5: The obtained value is the equivalent decimal number
Step 6: Consider the decimal number, divide it by 2
Step 7: Note the remainder
Step 8: Continue the above two steps for the quotient till the quotient is zero
Step 9: Write the remainders in the reverse order
Step 10: The obtained number is the equivalent binary number for the given octal number.

Let us see some examples for converting an octadecimal number to a binary number.

Examples on converting octal to binary number-

Click here To Download CONVERTING OCTAL TO BINARY Question and solution

CONVERTING OCTAL TO DECIMAL

Below are the steps to convert octal to decimal –

Step 1: Take the given octal number.
Step 2: Find out the number of digits in the number
Step 3: Let it have n digits.
Step 4: Multiply each digit in the number with 81, when the digit is in the nth position.
Step 5: Add all digits after multiplication.
Step 6: The resultant is the equivalent decimal to the given octal number.
If octal number contains a decimal point
Step 7: Let m digits are there after the decimal
Step 8: Multiply each digit after decimal with 8″, when the digit is the mth position.

All other steps are same as above.

Click here To Download CONVERTING OCTAL TO DECIMAL Question and solution

CONVERTING OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

Below are the steps on octal to hexadecimal conversion –

Step 1: Let the number of digits in the number be n

Step 2: Multiply the digits with 8 ^ <=-1 1 where n is position of digit from the right end of the

number. If the number has decimal part the multiply digits after decimal by 1/(8 ^ m) where m is position of the number from the decimal

Step 3: Add the terms after multiplication

Step 4: The obtained number is equivalent decimal number to the given octal

Step 5: Consider the decimal number, divide it by 16

Step 6: Note the remainder.

Step 7: Continue the process till the quotient in zero

Step 8: Write the remainder in the reverse order

Step 9: The obtained number is equivalent hexadecimal number to the given octadecimal number.

Now we will understand this conversion more clearly using examples.

Below are the examples on converting octal to hexadecimal –

Click here To Download CONVERTING OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL Question and solution

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Computer and Information Technology | Diploma in Nursing Science and Midwifery

Abbreviation and Converting from One Number System to Another | CHAPTER 12 | Computer and Information Technology